Effect of Planting Density and Row Spacing on Growth,Photosynthesis and Yield of Wheat under Early Sowing
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In order to clarify the suitable row spacing of wheat with different planting densities under early sowing,a field experiment with 2planting density of basic seedlings 180×104 plants·hm-2(D1)and 240×104 plants·hm-2(D2)and 4row spacing of 17cm(R1),20cm(R2),23cm(R3)and 26cm(R4)was conducted to study the effects of row spacing and density on the growth,photosynthesis and yield of wheat.The results showed that D1 density with R1 row spacing and D2 density with R2 row spacing under early sowing had the highest values of plant height,internode length,leaf chlorophyll content,leaf area index,population dry matter weight,photosynthetic rate,stomatal conductance,transpiration rate,canopy photosynthetical active radiation and yield of wheat.Under the same row spacing,the plant height,internode length,chlorophyll content,photosynthetic indexes at flower and filling stages of D1 were higher than that of D2,while the leaf area index,population dry matter weight,canopy photosynthetically active radiation,spike number and yield of D1 were lower than that of D2.So,the reasonable combination of planting density and row spacing can improve growth and achieve high yield of wheat under early sowing in Huaibei area of Anhui province.Under this experimental condi-tion,the suitable basic seedling and row spacing for early sowing wheat were 240×104 plants·hm-2and 20 cm,respectively.Keywords:
Photosynthetically active radiation
Stomatal Conductance
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ABSTRACT The study aimed to evaluate different sowing densities and row spacings on grain yield and biomass in the white lupine crop, cv. ‘Comum’. The experimental design was a randomized block in a 4 x 4 factorial scheme, with four row spacings (20, 40, 60 and 80 cm) and four sowing densities in the row (10, 15, 20 and 25 plants m-1), with four replicates. The evaluated variables were: grain yield, hundred-grain weight, fresh and dry matter and the contents of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in the plant tissue. The highest grain yield was obtained with row spacing of 20 cm, regardless of plant density. The density of 25 plants m-1 and row spacing of 20 cm increased the fresh and dry matter yield. The adjustment of plant density and row spacing did not affect the content of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in plant tissue.
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Field plot experiments were carried out to examine the effects of row spacing and plant spacing on nitrogen metabolism of flag leaves and grain protein content in winter wheat on the farm of Henan Agricultural University during 2005~2007.Four ratio of row spacing to plant spacing with 1.5(RP1),6.0(RP2),10.5(RP3) and 15.0(RP4) were respectively arranged in a randomized block design with three replicates.The results showed that N content and NR activity in flag leaves decreased gradually with the process of grain filling,GS activity tended to single peak curve.The N content of flag leaves was increasing with decreasing ratio of row spacing to plant spacing in whole filling stage,with obvious superiority for 6 of ratio of row spacing to plant spacing in later filling stage.It reveals that a suitable combination of row spacing and plant spacing could effectively improve conditions of wind and light,promote N absorption and transportation.The NR activity of flage leaf in RP2 treatment was the highest in filling stage,with next for RP1 and steadily decline for ratio of row spacing to plant spacing over 6.The GS activity of flage leaf in RP2 and RP1 treatments were higher during 0~7 days after anthesis,and the GS activity in RP2 was the highest after 14 days after anthesis with next for RP1 and RP3,the lowest for 15 of ratio of row spacing to plant spacing.The protein content,grain yield and protein yield of RP2 treatment were the highest with harmonizing yield structures and N absorption and transportation,and increased significantly protein content and grain yield,with better treatment of RP1 for increasing yield and improving quality.Therefore the optimum distributing form for winter wheat was to reduce row spacing,enlarge plant spacing and keep suitable ratio of of row spacing to plant spacing.
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Flag (linear algebra)
Winter wheat
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Using two peanut varieties Shanhua108 (early-maturing variety) and 780-15 (late maturing variety), a field experiment was conducted to investigate the influences of row-spacing of wheat (25 cm, 30 cm, 40 cm+20 cm) and two peanut cropping patterns (intercropped peanut with wheat, summer-sowing peanut) on yield components, photosynthetic characteristics, antioxidant system, and dry matter accumulation and transportation. The results showed that wide spacing form of wheat and wide-narrow row planting pattern increased the pod yield, kernel yield, leaf area index, total dry matter accumulation and photosynthetic capacity, as well as SOD, POD and CAT activities, but decreased the MDA content. There are no obvious differences of wheat yield between the two row-spacing. Intercropping system increased peanut yield compared with summer-sowing peanut, which were much higher for wide-narrow row planting pattern than row spacing of 25 cm or 30 cm. The wide-narrow row planting pattern increased the pod yield and kernel yield by 6.3%, 13.3% and 7.7%, 16.5% for Shanhua108 and 780-15 than those of row spacing of 30 cm, respectively. Wide-narrow row planting could enlarge photosynthetic area, improve the net photosynthetic rate, and increase total dry matter accumulation. Meanwhile, it could alleviate the contradictionbetween the plant individual and group, delay the senescence, and increase peanut yield.以大花生品种早熟型‘山花108’和晚熟型‘780-15’为试验材料,设置小麦3种行距配置(25 cm、30 cm、大小行40 cm+20 cm)和2种花生种植方式(麦套、夏直播),探讨不同种植模式对夏花生产量构成、光合特性、抗氧化活性和干物质积累与分配的调控作用.结果表明: 适当扩大小麦行距、相同平均行距下选用大小行种植,可提高套种花生荚果产量和籽仁产量,增大叶面积指数和干物质积累量,增强光合能力,同时提高超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化物酶和过氧化氢酶活性,降低丙二醛含量.麦套花生产量高于夏直播花生并且以大小行处理产量最高.与小麦行距30 cm相比,大小行处理山花108和780-15两品种花生荚果产量和籽仁产量分别提高6.3%、13.3%和7.7%、16.5%.表明大小行种植有助于扩大光合面积,提高净光合速率,增加干物质积累量,同时缓解花生植株个体与群体间的矛盾,延缓衰老,从而提高麦套花生产量.
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In order to study on the effect of potato row spacings to its growth,photosynthetic rates and yield,by using the variety Jizhangshu No.8 under three row spacings(60 cm,80cm and 100 cm treatments) and five growth stages.The results showed that the plant height,SPAD readings and photosynthetic rates were higher for the 60 cm row spacing treatment.After the harvest,the commodity rate and yield reached extremely significant level compared with 80 cm and 100cm row spacing treatments.Therefore,the 60 cm row spacing treatment may be improved potato production and increased economic efficiency.
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A semi-compact maize cultivar,which is best adaptable to the environment of Chongqing and Southwest China,was grown in a field experiment of two-factor split-plot design with four planting densities(main plots) and three row-spacings(sub-plots) to study the influence of planting density and row-spacing on yield and agronomic characters of maize so as to provide a theoretical and practical basis for maize cultivation in Chongqing and Southwest China.The result showed that maize yield was highly significantly influenced by planting sensity,being the highest when the planting density was 3 500 plants/mu(667 m2).Planting density had highly significant effects on ear length,ear width and kernels per row,a significant effect on 100-kernel weight and no significant effect on rows per ear and bald length.With increasing planting density,plant height and ear height increased,stem diameter declined,photosynthetic rate dropped and the leaf area of the ear leaf first increased and then decreased.Maize yield was significantly influenced by row spacing,being the highest with a spacing of 0.9 m.Row spacing had no significant effect on ear characters.With increasing row spacing,plant height,ear height,photosynthetic rate and ear leaf first increased and then decreased and stem diameter showed a downward trend.Interaction between planting density and row spacing had no significant effect on yield.In conclusion,planting density and row spacing had a regulation effect on yield,yield-related traits and agronomic characters,and the combination of 3500 plants/ha and a row spacing of 0.9 m is recommended for maize cultivation in Chongqing.
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The result of field experiment which 4 leaf straight-up type maize hybrids, 3 planting model (50cm row distance, 6-angle shape, 67cm row distance), 3 density (60000 plants/hm~2, 75000 plants/hm~2, 90000 plants/hm~2) indicated: the yield of maize was increasing with the increasing density of maize, the difference of maize yield increase by distinct plant-row conducted was big and yield increase percent of 50 cm row was biggest under high density,the maize yield difference from different plant-row distance conduced was not apparent under the lower and middle density, it was only apparent under high density (75000～90000 plants/hm~2, maximum limited density and the above this density); 50cm row distance, 6-angle shape planting, this two planting methods posses yield increase effect which results in single plant nutrition improvement comprise with 67cm row distance under high density. The L.A.I. of 6-single shape sowing at the time of maize flourishing flower was bigger than 50cm and 67cm row distance sowing, but showing no yield increase and decrease difference comprise with 67cm row distance sowing; at the same time to water and apply fertilizer was not convenient at the growing of maize; the minimum combination of Row × Density × Variety was that take the V2 (89-1w×5022),V4(Zhengdan 958) these two type hybrids, 50 cm row distance, 90000 plants/hm~2;not only the maize yield by 50cm row distance sowing was higher 21.4% and 31.2% significantly than 67cm row distance sowing under 75000 plants/hm~2,90000 plants/hm~2 respectively, but also be good for the cultivating of maize. Using the leaf straight-up type maize hybrids and 50cm line distance row sowing evenly ,make the maize mass density up to 75000 ~90000plants/hm~2 , standardization cultivating under no stress of soil water and nutrition ,these compose the technology system of set up the photosynthesis system of high photosynthetic efficiency maize mass canopy. It be provided with important effect of increase maize yield and economical effects in modern maize yield potential developing successively.
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The seed maize hybrid ZP 677 was tested under irrigated conditions on the DPP Maglic estate in Backi Maglic during 2000 and 2001. Sowing the female component of the hybrid ZP 677 at an inter-row spacing of 70 cm resulted in both higher yield (4.55 t ha -1 ) and higher number of seeds per unit area (15,407,000) in comparison to sowing at an inter-row spacing of 35 cm, where the corresponding values were 4.39 t ha -1 and 14,667,000, respectively. At sowing densities of 71,425, 85,538 and 99,899 plants ha -1 , yields of 4.46, 4.38 and 4.59 th ha -1 were recorded, while the number of seeds per unit area amounted to 14,670,000, 14,769,000 and 15,686,000, respectively. The 1000-seed weight decreased on average for all seed fractions at both inter-row spacings as the sowing density increased. Neither inter-row spacing nor sowing density affected the seed germination obtained with the standard test method, but germination in the cold test exhibited an insignificant increase with an increase in sowing density.
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We investigated the effect of row spacing on the structure and radiation utilization efficiency of summer soybean crops in Northern China during the 2006 and 2007 growing seasons. The experiment consisted of 5 planting patterns resulting in the same plant population density (3.09 × 105 plant/ha), where row spacing was 18, 27, 36, 45 and 54 cm. We observed a significant negative correlation between DM weight and row spacing in both years. Dry matter was mainly allocated to the middle-lower strata of the canopy. The LAI of all treatments decreased with row spacing increments. At podding stage, PAR interceptionratio showed a minimum at 12:00 and decreased with row spacing between 11:00 to 13:00. The RUE of row spacing 18 and 27 cm was significantly higher than those of other treatments. There was a significant positive correlation between seed number and plant growth rate. The yield of row spacing 18 and 27 cm were significantly higher than those of row spacing 45 and 54 cm. The results indicate that summer soybean population of relatively uniform distribution could improve population structure, increases the PAR interception and RUE under rainfed agriculture in Northern China.
Key words: Glycine max, dry matter, radiation utilization efficiency, growth, development.
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Optimum planting pattern is the key to increase crop yield potential in intercropping system. In order to investigate the effects of narrow row spacing on the maize yield and dry matter accumulation and partitioning in maize-soybean relay strip intercropping system (M/S). Field experiments were conducted with 6 marrow row spacing (20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70 cm) treatments in the 160 and 200 cm strip width, respectively in 2012 and 2013 year. The re-sults showed that row spacing had significant effect on maize grain yield and dry matter accumulation. Yield and dry matter accumulation of maize were increased with the increasing of narrow spacing. Under 160 and 200 cm strip width, soybean yield decreased with the increasing of maize narrow row spacing;Yield of M/S significantly increased with narrow row spacing increasing from 20 cm to 50 cm, and there was no significant difference between the treat-ments of 40 and 50 cm; While the narrow row spacing more than 50 cm, population yield tend to decrease. The change trend of the maximum increasing rate, dry matter accumulation of rapid increasing stage and post-anthesis as-similation were similar to maize yield. Contrary trends were observed in the maximum transportation efficiency and contribution rate of stem-sheath and leaves. The highest maximum increasing rate and post-anthesis assimilation were realized when the narrow row spacing was 50 cm under the two strip width, with the values of 320. 63, 119. 53 kg· hm-2 d-1 and 376. 92, 140. 90 g·plant-1 , respectively. In general, comprehensive results showed that optimum row spacing ( maize narrow row spacing was 40 cm to 50 cm) could significantly increase kernels per ear and improve the maximum increasing rate of dry matter accumulation, post-anthesis assimilate and plant dry mater accumulation of rapid increasing stage. So optimum row spacing was an important role for crop yield potential.
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Intercropping
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