Row Spacing and Plant Spacing on Nitrogen Metabolism in Flag Leaves and Grain Protein Content of Winter Wheat
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Field plot experiments were carried out to examine the effects of row spacing and plant spacing on nitrogen metabolism of flag leaves and grain protein content in winter wheat on the farm of Henan Agricultural University during 2005~2007.Four ratio of row spacing to plant spacing with 1.5(RP1),6.0(RP2),10.5(RP3) and 15.0(RP4) were respectively arranged in a randomized block design with three replicates.The results showed that N content and NR activity in flag leaves decreased gradually with the process of grain filling,GS activity tended to single peak curve.The N content of flag leaves was increasing with decreasing ratio of row spacing to plant spacing in whole filling stage,with obvious superiority for 6 of ratio of row spacing to plant spacing in later filling stage.It reveals that a suitable combination of row spacing and plant spacing could effectively improve conditions of wind and light,promote N absorption and transportation.The NR activity of flage leaf in RP2 treatment was the highest in filling stage,with next for RP1 and steadily decline for ratio of row spacing to plant spacing over 6.The GS activity of flage leaf in RP2 and RP1 treatments were higher during 0~7 days after anthesis,and the GS activity in RP2 was the highest after 14 days after anthesis with next for RP1 and RP3,the lowest for 15 of ratio of row spacing to plant spacing.The protein content,grain yield and protein yield of RP2 treatment were the highest with harmonizing yield structures and N absorption and transportation,and increased significantly protein content and grain yield,with better treatment of RP1 for increasing yield and improving quality.Therefore the optimum distributing form for winter wheat was to reduce row spacing,enlarge plant spacing and keep suitable ratio of of row spacing to plant spacing.Keywords:
Anthesis
Flag (linear algebra)
Winter wheat
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With Zhengdan958 as the experimental material,set two densities(82 500 plants/ha and 97 500 plants/ha),five row spacing(60+60,70+50,80+40,90+30,100+20 cm),and four kinds of different seedling plant spacing configurations(single,single double,double plants,three plants),to study the effect of maize yield and grain filling characteristics of row spacing under high density plant.The results showed that,two densities conditions with the highest yield were 80+40 processing rows spacing,double plant seedling.The breeding with the conditions could increase the number of rows per ear,increase ear diameter,reduce bald tip,and increase grain number per ear and weight.80+40 rows spacing and 2 plants seedling will improve the plant space,change maize later grain filling characteristics,increase the cumulative duration and cumulative grain weight,increase the average filling rate.Therefore,high density planting condition,recommended using 80+40 plant densities and double plants in the western region of Henan province.
Plant Density
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Influence of inter-row spacing on a productivity of soybean yield was studied on the experimental field on low carbonate chernozem soil. The greatest grain weight per plant (13.22 g) was achieved at the smallest row spacing. It decreased at higher row spacing, except for cultivar Balkan, where value of these parameters was the highest (13.09 g). The highest grain yield (4,868 kg ha-1) was determined at the 20 cm inter-row width. It decreased equally at bigger row spacing for 7.0-12.9%. The highest grain yield was achieved with Balkan cultivar (4,773 kg ha-1), and the lowest with Dragana cultivar (4,284 kg ha-1).
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In order to clarify the suitable row spacing of wheat with different planting densities under early sowing,a field experiment with 2planting density of basic seedlings 180×104 plants·hm-2(D1)and 240×104 plants·hm-2(D2)and 4row spacing of 17cm(R1),20cm(R2),23cm(R3)and 26cm(R4)was conducted to study the effects of row spacing and density on the growth,photosynthesis and yield of wheat.The results showed that D1 density with R1 row spacing and D2 density with R2 row spacing under early sowing had the highest values of plant height,internode length,leaf chlorophyll content,leaf area index,population dry matter weight,photosynthetic rate,stomatal conductance,transpiration rate,canopy photosynthetical active radiation and yield of wheat.Under the same row spacing,the plant height,internode length,chlorophyll content,photosynthetic indexes at flower and filling stages of D1 were higher than that of D2,while the leaf area index,population dry matter weight,canopy photosynthetically active radiation,spike number and yield of D1 were lower than that of D2.So,the reasonable combination of planting density and row spacing can improve growth and achieve high yield of wheat under early sowing in Huaibei area of Anhui province.Under this experimental condi-tion,the suitable basic seedling and row spacing for early sowing wheat were 240×104 plants·hm-2and 20 cm,respectively.
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Proper between‐row and within‐row spacing is essential for optimizing alfalfa seed yields and stand longevity. Using three alfalfa ( Medicago sativa L.) cultivars (WL232HQ, Derby, and Algonquin), we conducted a field study from 2004 to 2007 to evaluate the effects of three between‐row spacing treatments (60, 80, and 100 cm) and four within‐row spacing treatments (15, 30, 45, and 60 cm) on seed yield, seed yield components, plant height, basal stem diameter, and lodging. Our hypothesis was that the intermediate between‐row and within‐row spacing would gradually improve seed yields in later years. The highest seed yields were obtained with 60‐cm between‐row spacing and 15‐cm within‐row spacing in 2004, but with 80‐cm between‐row spacing and 30‐cm within‐row spacing in 2006 and 2007. The significant year × between‐row spacing and year × within‐row spacing interactions for seed yield indicated that 80‐cm between‐row spacing and 30‐cm within‐row spacing produced the best seed yields as years advanced, and our results confirmed this. With the increase of within‐row spacing, stems per square meter decreased, while racemes per stem increased significantly. The effects of between‐row and within‐row spacing on seeds per pod, however, were not significant in four years. The results suggest that 80‐cm between‐row spacing and 30‐cm within‐row spacing can decrease the risk of lodging and optimize seed yields in the third and fourth harvest years.
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A 3-year field study was undertaken to investigate the effect of row spacing on vegetative growth, grain yield and water-use efficiency of wheat. All 3 years of the study experienced 21–51% below-average rainfall for the growing season. Widening row spacing led to reduced biomass and tillers on per plant basis which could be related to the reduction in light interception by the wheat canopy in the wide rows which in turn could have reduced assimilate production. Reduction in vegetative growth in 54-cm rows translated into a significant reduction in grain yield which was strongly associated (r2 = 0.71) with the loss of spike density. The pattern of crop water use (evapotranspiration, ET) during the growing season was very similar for the three row-spacing treatments. However, there was some evidence for slightly lower ET (~5%) in 54-cm rows in two growing seasons. More importantly, there was no evidence for increased ET during the post-anthesis phase in wide rows as has been speculated by some researchers. Over the 3 years of the study, grain yield declined by 5–8% as row spacing increased from 18 to 36 cm and by a further 12–20% as row spacing increased from 36 to 54 cm. There was a consistent decline in water-use efficiency for grain (WUEG) with increasing row spacing over the 3 years. WUEG declined by 6–11% as crop spacing increased from 18 to 36 cm and declined further by 12–15% as row spacing increased to 54 cm. Lower light interception at wider row spacing could have reduced assimilate production by wheat as well as increased soil evaporation due to lower shading of the soil surface in more open canopies. Growers adopting wider row spacing on these relatively heavy textured soils are likely to experience some reduction in grain yield and WUEG. However, some growers may be prepared to accept a small yield penalty from intermediate row spacing as a trade-off for increased stubble retention and soil health.
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Growing season
Water use
Water Use Efficiency
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Effect of intra- and inter-row spacing on growth, yield components and grain yield of maize was investigated at Kombolcha, Eastern Ethiopia in 2014. The Objective of the experiment was to investigate the influence of intra- and inter-row spacing on growth, yield components and grain yield of maize in Kombolcha, East Hararghe zone. The experiment was arranged in a factorial combination of the three intra-rows (20, 25 and 30 cm) spacing and five inter-row spacing (45, 55, 65, 75 and 85 cm) spacing which were laid out in RCBD with three replication using maize (Zea mays L.) BH 660 variety. The results obtained had shown that there was highly significant (P< 0.01) main effect of inter-row spacing on leaf area, leaf area index, number of ears per plant, above ground dry biomass yield per hectare, number of kernels per ear, 1000 kernels weight and harvest index. Thousand kernels weight and number of kernels per ear highly significantly increased with decreased inter-row spacing while above ground dry biomass yield decreased with decreased inter-row spacing. Highly significant difference due to the main effects of intra-row spacing was observed on all the above parameters except harvest index. Thousand kernels weight and number of kernels per ear highly significantly increased with decreased intra-row spacing. There was highly significant interaction effect of inter-row by intra-row spacing on stand count percent, above ground dry biomass yield per plant, grain yield per plant, and grain yield per hectare. In general, significantly higher grain yield and above ground dry biomass yield were obtained due to intermediate and closer spacing. It may therefore be concluded that spacing combinations of 65 x 25 cm responded favorably in attaining higher grain yield of maize in the area. Keywords: Density, Phenology, Population, Yield, Yield components,
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Field plot experiments were carried out to examine the effects of row spacing on carbon and nitrogen transportation,nitrogen input to grain in winter wheat with two spike types on the farm of Henan Agricultural University during 2006-2007.The results showed that the assimilation accumulation after anthesis and contribution of assimilation accumulation to grain weight firstly increased and then decreased with reaching peak value at 20 cm row spacing in large-spike wheat Lankaoaizao8,and gradually decreased in multi-spike wheat Yumai49 with row spacing increasing.The assimilation stored before anthesis and contribution of assimilation stored to grain weight increased with row spacing increasing in two spike types culticars,with the highest shoot assimilation translocation rate at the treatment of 15 cm row spacing in Lankaoaizao8 and 20 cm row spacing in Yumai49.All shoot N translocation amount was the highest at 15 cm row spacing and next at 20 cm row spacing,with higher value of wider row spacing than narrower row spacing for all shoot N translocation rate in Lankaoaizao8.All shoot N translocation amount was the highest at 10 cm row spacing and next at 25 cm row spacing,with higher value of narrower row spacing than wider row spacing for all shoot N translocation rate in Yumai49.There was a significant correlation between grain N accumulation and grain N input duration(S)and the average rate of grain N input(V)with the longest grain N input duration and highest average rate of grain N input at 15 cm row spacing.The grain N accumulation mostly depend ed on N input rate such as the average rate of grain N input(V),the highest rate of grain N input(Vmax)and the grain N input rate in valid grain N input duration(Vs),with the highest N input rate at 20 cm row spacing.
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Winter wheat
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Optimum planting pattern is the key to increase crop yield potential in intercropping system. In order to investigate the effects of narrow row spacing on the maize yield and dry matter accumulation and partitioning in maize-soybean relay strip intercropping system (M/S). Field experiments were conducted with 6 marrow row spacing (20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70 cm) treatments in the 160 and 200 cm strip width, respectively in 2012 and 2013 year. The re-sults showed that row spacing had significant effect on maize grain yield and dry matter accumulation. Yield and dry matter accumulation of maize were increased with the increasing of narrow spacing. Under 160 and 200 cm strip width, soybean yield decreased with the increasing of maize narrow row spacing;Yield of M/S significantly increased with narrow row spacing increasing from 20 cm to 50 cm, and there was no significant difference between the treat-ments of 40 and 50 cm; While the narrow row spacing more than 50 cm, population yield tend to decrease. The change trend of the maximum increasing rate, dry matter accumulation of rapid increasing stage and post-anthesis as-similation were similar to maize yield. Contrary trends were observed in the maximum transportation efficiency and contribution rate of stem-sheath and leaves. The highest maximum increasing rate and post-anthesis assimilation were realized when the narrow row spacing was 50 cm under the two strip width, with the values of 320. 63, 119. 53 kg· hm-2 d-1 and 376. 92, 140. 90 g·plant-1 , respectively. In general, comprehensive results showed that optimum row spacing ( maize narrow row spacing was 40 cm to 50 cm) could significantly increase kernels per ear and improve the maximum increasing rate of dry matter accumulation, post-anthesis assimilate and plant dry mater accumulation of rapid increasing stage. So optimum row spacing was an important role for crop yield potential.
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Intercropping
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With the equal row spacing of flat planting corn as CK,the growth and yield of summer maize were studied on the wide-narrow row spacing mode in west Henan Province.The results showed that compared with the equal row spacing,the grain filling rate of the wide-narrow row spacing mode increased significantly in favor of summer corn growth,dry matter accumulation and stem length.Besides,the former of leaf area index increased rapidly early,the kernel weight,grain traits significantly has improved.compared with equal's,the average yield of wide-narrow row spacing mode was 6660.2kg·hm-2,the rate increased by 16.7%.
Mode (computer interface)
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