White lupine yield under different sowing densities and row spacings
Antônio Luís SantiGeomar Mateus CorassaRonei GaviraghiThomas Newton MartinM.B. BisogninLisandra Pinto Della Flora
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ABSTRACT The study aimed to evaluate different sowing densities and row spacings on grain yield and biomass in the white lupine crop, cv. ‘Comum’. The experimental design was a randomized block in a 4 x 4 factorial scheme, with four row spacings (20, 40, 60 and 80 cm) and four sowing densities in the row (10, 15, 20 and 25 plants m-1), with four replicates. The evaluated variables were: grain yield, hundred-grain weight, fresh and dry matter and the contents of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in the plant tissue. The highest grain yield was obtained with row spacing of 20 cm, regardless of plant density. The density of 25 plants m-1 and row spacing of 20 cm increased the fresh and dry matter yield. The adjustment of plant density and row spacing did not affect the content of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in plant tissue.Keywords:
Plant Density
Guiyan 4,a tobacco cultivar,was employed to investigated the effect of nitrogen(N) application amount on the dry matter and N,phosphorus(P) or potassium(K) accumulation in the present research.The results showed that within the application range of 0~8.5kg·667m2,the dry matter,as well as N,P,or K accumulation of tobacco plants for all stages were obviously increased along with the increase in N application.When the range was 4~8.5kg·667m2,however,no synchronous increase in accumulation of these parameters were obtained.The results indicated that to certain extent,the increase in N application may have a positive effect on the growth of tobacco,as well as its P,and K accumulation.
Curing of tobacco
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A mathematic model,Y=37.620 86-2.099 78X21-2.030 13X22-2.677 67X23,for the application of nitrogen(X1),phosphorus(X2),planting density(X3)and the yield(Y) of 'Longshu No.8' potato had been built by the quadratic general rotational combination design.The results showed that the influencing order of three factors on the yield was planting densitynitrogen phosphorus.The yield reached the maximum 37.62 t/hm2 when three factors were all at 0 level,that meant the application of pure N was 150 kg/hm2,P2O5 was 135 kg/hm2,and planting density was 52 500 plant/hm2.The interaction effects of nitrogen,phosphorus and planting density on the yield of 'Longshu No.8' potato was significant,but that could also cause yield decreasing when they exceeded the certain range.The appropriate cultural practice with the effects of three factors under which the yield was more than 32 t/hm2 was that pure N was applied at 120.96～179.10 kg/hm2,P2O5 was applied at 108.84～161.16 kg/hm2,and planting density was 48 139～56 861 plant/hm2.
30-day yield
Plant Density
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Taking the Populus tomentosa clone S86seedlings as test materials,a field experiment with optimal regression design(311-A)was conducted to study the effects of nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium on the biomass of P.tomentosaseedlings and a regression model was established.The results showed that nitrogen was the main factor affecting the biomass of P.tomentosaseedlings,followed by phosphorus and potassium.With the increasing input of the three factors,the biomass of the seedlings increased,but when the input was beyond a certain level,the biomass began to decrease.There was a significant positive interactive effect between nitrogen and phosphorus,but a less interactive effect between nitrogen and potassium and between phosphorus and potassium.In our case,the optimal application of nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium was 305.550,178.125and 47.700kg·hm-2,under which,the biomass of P.tomentosaseedlings achieved 383.874g.
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[Objective]The paper was to determine the best fertilization ratio of nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium in rice cultivation in Jiangshan City,so as to provide scientific basis for rice formula fertilization.[Method]With Eryoupei 9 as test variety,4 levels and 18 combinations of nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium fertilizer were set in the test respectively,and the effect of various treatments on rice yield factors and yield was detected.[Result]The combination treatment with nitrogen fertilizer of 180.0 kg/hm2 had the highest average yield,and phosphorus had less obvious effect on yield than nitrogen.The higher the potassium application amount was,the higher the yield was.The combination treatment with the highest yield was nitrogen(N) 180.0 kg/hm2,phosphorus(P2O5) 90.0 kg/hm2 and potassium(K2O) 225.0 kg/hm2,and the yield was 9 271.5 kg/hm2.[Conclusion]Combining the productive practice in local place,the recommended amount of optimal fertilization formula is as follows: nitrogen(N) 180.0 kg/hm2,phosphorus(P2O5) 52.5-90.0 kg/hm2 and potassium(K2O) 225.0 kg/hm2.
Potash
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In Qaidam region,3414 fertilization formula test on onion was studied.The results showed that,in Qaidam region with the increase of fertilizer,onion production gradually increased,but when fertilizer increased to a certain extent,the yield of onion was decreased as the nitrogen continued to increase,the role of nitrogen on onion production ranks first,followed by phosphorus and potassium;nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium could increase onion production.Phosphorus and potassium had the best effects on onion yield,followed by were nitrogen and potassium, nitrogen and phosphorus.The best economic benefits of nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium application rate and the proportion of best fit and onion yields were nitrogen 28.3 kg/667m~2,pure phosphorus 22.7 kg/667m~2,the pure potassium 10.0 kg/667m~2,the best economic onion yield was 5 783.1 kg/667m~2.
Potash
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Synopsis Significant variety, date, and variety × date interaction variances were found for grain yield and for the three components of yield. Tillers contributed differentially to total yield over planting dates and genotypes. Grain yield was significantly correlated with 2 and 3 of the yield components, respectively, in 1958 and 1959. Except for one instance, yield components were mutually independent. Leaf area and yield were not significantly correlated.
30-day yield
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Using the311-Aquasi saturated optimum regression design,the effects of nitrogen and potassium application amount and planting density on yield of Taifengyou 656 were studied. The best cultivation techniques through computer simulation and mathematical model were made: the appropriate planting density is 210 000 clumps/hm2, nitrogen fertilizer(N)application amount is 142.0 kg/hm2, potassium fertilizer(K2O)application amount is 137.6 kg/hm2.
Potash
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According to the field experiment,we studied the effect of different phosphorus fertilizer rate on dry matter accumula-tion,yield,absorption and distribution of nitrogen,phosphorous,potassium of cotton.Results suggested that increase the phos-phorus fertilizer rate can enhance the dry matter accumulation,yield,absorption and distribution of nitrogen,phosphorous,and potassium of cotton,compared with the treatment of P0,but the more is not obviously,and there is a obviously significant im-provement effect on dry matter accumulation,yield,accumulation of nitrogen,phosphorous,potassium of cotton while P2O5 was applied at 75～150 kg.hm-2.Compared with the treatment of P0,the average of dry matter accumulation,accumulation of nitrogen,phosphorous,and potassium of cotton in flower and boll stage increased by 24.6%,30.7%,55.9%,36.4%,respectively;the average of dry matter accumulation,yield,accumulation of nitrogen,phosphorous,and potassium of cotton in opening stage increased by 33.4%,39.9%,49.1%,47.7%,53.0%,respectively.
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The mathematical models of high-yield cultivation for fresh glass of Puna chicory were established by analyzing correlations between fresh yield and planting density,nitrogen,phosphorus,potassium application amount.The results showed that the cultivation measures for the fresh yield over 13500.00kg/hm2 were 186120～194040 plants/hm2,31.68～34.96 kg/hm2 of pure N,112.05～127.95 kg/hm2 of P2O5 and 85.61～96.19 kg/hm2of K2O,and the cultivation measures for the fresh yield over 142500.00 kg/hm2 were 191500～201180 plants/hm2,33.68～37.89kg/hm2 of pure N,110.55～129.45kg/hm2 of P2O5 and 78.41～93.75kg/hm2of K2O.The degree of affecting the fresh yield was planting densitypotassium application amounthitrogen application amountphosphorus application amount and the interaction between different factors was planting density and nitrogenplanting density and phosphorusnitrogen and phorsphorusnitrogen and potassiumplanting density and potassium phosphorus and potassium.
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Abstract Variation in yield and quality of malting barley (Hordeum vulgare L. ‘Triumph') are major problems for both producers and processors in the Manawatu, New Zealand. Climatic variation is partially responsible for this. However, crop management options may enable the variation to be reduced. The effects of sowing date and nitrogen (N) fertiliser on yield and quality of malting barley were evaluated over two seasons. In 1987/88, a grain yield of 7.0 t/ha was achieved with optimal management. Yields in 1988/89 were approximately half those in the previous season because of drier conditions during grain filling and a greater incidence of disease. N uptake was lower in the second season, but this did not result in lower grain N content and, therefore, improved quality because dry matter (DM) yield was also lower. Grain N concentrations were significantly higher in the late sowings in both seasons. Differences in grain N concentrations were related to the timing of N accumulation in the plant. Over all sowings, the contribution of post‐anthesis N uptake relative to total grain N was negatively related to grain N concentration (r =‐0.78). This indicated that late N uptake may not always be detrimental to quality as the processes of carbon and N accumulation are closely linked during grain filling. The maintenance of green leaf area by fungal disease control or timely irrigation is considered important for maintaining high grain quality as these prolong the accumulation of DM during grain filling. Keywords: Hordeum vulgare L.nitrogen uptakemalting qualityyield variationgrain nitrogenassimilationcrop developmentpartitioning
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Growing season
Grain Quality
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