Study on Close Planting of Maize
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The result of field experiment which 4 leaf straight-up type maize hybrids, 3 planting model (50cm row distance, 6-angle shape, 67cm row distance), 3 density (60000 plants/hm~2, 75000 plants/hm~2, 90000 plants/hm~2) indicated: the yield of maize was increasing with the increasing density of maize, the difference of maize yield increase by distinct plant-row conducted was big and yield increase percent of 50 cm row was biggest under high density,the maize yield difference from different plant-row distance conduced was not apparent under the lower and middle density, it was only apparent under high density (75000～90000 plants/hm~2, maximum limited density and the above this density); 50cm row distance, 6-angle shape planting, this two planting methods posses yield increase effect which results in single plant nutrition improvement comprise with 67cm row distance under high density. The L.A.I. of 6-single shape sowing at the time of maize flourishing flower was bigger than 50cm and 67cm row distance sowing, but showing no yield increase and decrease difference comprise with 67cm row distance sowing; at the same time to water and apply fertilizer was not convenient at the growing of maize; the minimum combination of Row × Density × Variety was that take the V2 (89-1w×5022),V4(Zhengdan 958) these two type hybrids, 50 cm row distance, 90000 plants/hm~2;not only the maize yield by 50cm row distance sowing was higher 21.4% and 31.2% significantly than 67cm row distance sowing under 75000 plants/hm~2,90000 plants/hm~2 respectively, but also be good for the cultivating of maize. Using the leaf straight-up type maize hybrids and 50cm line distance row sowing evenly ,make the maize mass density up to 75000 ~90000plants/hm~2 , standardization cultivating under no stress of soil water and nutrition ,these compose the technology system of set up the photosynthesis system of high photosynthetic efficiency maize mass canopy. It be provided with important effect of increase maize yield and economical effects in modern maize yield potential developing successively.Keywords:
Plant Density
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The rational high-density planting technique of mainly-cultivated two summer maize varieties(Jingdan 28 and Jingyu 11) was studied through the field tests.The results indicated that: in comparison with the conventional equal row-spacing(60 cm) planting mode,adopting the big-small row-spacing(40,80 cm) planting mode could significantly increase the yield of maize under the condition of high planting density(75000 plants/hm2).Under the condition of the same planting mode,both the plant height and the ear-position height of two maize varieties showed a rising trend when the planting density increased,but the single-plant leaf area,single-plant dry matter weight,grains per ear and kilo-grain weight all revealed a decreasing trend.
Plant Density
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To study the effect of diverse irrigation levels viz.0, 3, 4, 5 and 6 irrigations and two planting patterns viz.60 cm apart single rows and 30/90 cm apart double row strips (30 cm from row to row and 90 cm from strip to strip) on growth and yield of maize, a field trial was carried.Number of plants per plot at harvest, number of grains per cob, 1000 grain weight, biological yield, grain yield and harvest index were significantly affected by different irrigation levels but the growth and yield of maize were not influenced by Planting patterns.When 6 irrigations and planting spacing was kept at 30/90 cm apart; double row strips (30 cm from row to row and 90 cm from row to row), maximum grain yield (7.28 t ha -1 ) was produced.
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To evaluate the effect of row spacing, plant population and planting pattern on yield and yield components of corn (single cross 704) in the double cropping after paddy rice, a factorial experiment in a randomized complete block design with four replications was conducted in Research Gharakheil Agricultural Research Center of Qaemshahr, Iran in 2009. Treatments consisted of three row distances (65, 75, 85 cm), plant populations of 70000 and 800000 plants per hectare and two planting patterns (single-row and zigzag double-row). Results showed that maximum grain yield (9230 kg/ha) and harvest index (42.11 %) between row distance were obtained from 65 cm. Seed yield and yield components were not significantly affected by plant density. Seed yield of zigzag two-row planting pattern was 23.26 percent higher than single row planting pattern. All of the yield components in a single row were less than of zigzag double row planting patterns. The row spacing × plant density interactions for biomass, HI and ear length were significant at 5% level of probabilities. Planting pattern × row spacing interaction for biomass and number of rows per ear showed significant differences at the 5% level of probabilities. The lowest seed yield (6558 kg/ha) was obtained from 75 cm row spacing× single row planting pattern × 80 thousand density interactions and highest harvest index (46.86 %) from 80000 plants per hectare × 65 cm row spacing × double row zigzag planting pattern interaction. Grain yield was positively and highly correlated with all yield components, which may be due to delayed planting date (the first week of September) and proper growing condition for corn. It could be concluded that double cropping of corn after rice, results in yield stability and efficient use of water resources, in this area.
Multiple cropping
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Using 19 compact maize new varieties as test materials,the agronomic traits and yield performance of maize under the two treatments of conventional(medium)fertility 60 000 plants/hm2 of density and high fertility 75 000 plants/hm2 of density were researched under the 0.6 m of standard row spacing condition.The results showed that under the medium fertility 60 000 plants/hm2 of density,19 maize varieties average ear length was 18.3 cm,kernels per ear was 532 grains,100-kernel weight was 35.5 g,yield was 10 884 kg/hm2,respectively,higher than the maize under the high fertility 75 000 plants/hm2 of density by 15.8%,16.9%,4.4%,2.4%.Under the 0.6 m of standard row spacing,60 000 plants/hm2 was the suitable cultivation density of compact planting maize,conventional fertilization could meet the required nutrients of maize production,and the maize productivity has been fully expressed,continue to increase fertilizer and planting density had no practical significance to improve the yield of maize.
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A semi-compact maize cultivar,which is best adaptable to the environment of Chongqing and Southwest China,was grown in a field experiment of two-factor split-plot design with four planting densities(main plots) and three row-spacings(sub-plots) to study the influence of planting density and row-spacing on yield and agronomic characters of maize so as to provide a theoretical and practical basis for maize cultivation in Chongqing and Southwest China.The result showed that maize yield was highly significantly influenced by planting sensity,being the highest when the planting density was 3 500 plants/mu(667 m2).Planting density had highly significant effects on ear length,ear width and kernels per row,a significant effect on 100-kernel weight and no significant effect on rows per ear and bald length.With increasing planting density,plant height and ear height increased,stem diameter declined,photosynthetic rate dropped and the leaf area of the ear leaf first increased and then decreased.Maize yield was significantly influenced by row spacing,being the highest with a spacing of 0.9 m.Row spacing had no significant effect on ear characters.With increasing row spacing,plant height,ear height,photosynthetic rate and ear leaf first increased and then decreased and stem diameter showed a downward trend.Interaction between planting density and row spacing had no significant effect on yield.In conclusion,planting density and row spacing had a regulation effect on yield,yield-related traits and agronomic characters,and the combination of 3500 plants/ha and a row spacing of 0.9 m is recommended for maize cultivation in Chongqing.
Interaction
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The seed maize hybrid ZP 677 was tested under irrigated conditions on the DPP Maglic estate in Backi Maglic during 2000 and 2001. Sowing the female component of the hybrid ZP 677 at an inter-row spacing of 70 cm resulted in both higher yield (4.55 t ha -1 ) and higher number of seeds per unit area (15,407,000) in comparison to sowing at an inter-row spacing of 35 cm, where the corresponding values were 4.39 t ha -1 and 14,667,000, respectively. At sowing densities of 71,425, 85,538 and 99,899 plants ha -1 , yields of 4.46, 4.38 and 4.59 th ha -1 were recorded, while the number of seeds per unit area amounted to 14,670,000, 14,769,000 and 15,686,000, respectively. The 1000-seed weight decreased on average for all seed fractions at both inter-row spacings as the sowing density increased. Neither inter-row spacing nor sowing density affected the seed germination obtained with the standard test method, but germination in the cold test exhibited an insignificant increase with an increase in sowing density.
Test weight
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In the north of Huanghuaihai area,summer corn Xianyu 335 was discussed using two-factor split plot experimental design under different densities(60 000 and 75 000 plants/hm2) and row spacing patterns[50 cm,60 cm,70 cm,80 cm,(80 + 40) cm] with 3 repeats.The effects of different densities and row spacing on summer corn yield related traits were analyzed.The results showed that the differences of grain yields between 60 000 and 75 000 plants/hm2 was not significant,there was significant differences in yields among treatments of row spacing.Under the density of 60 000 plants/hm2 and the row spacing pattern of 80 + 40 cm,the yield of corn was highest(11 068 kg/hm2) and significantly higher than other planting spacing patterns,which was higher than the second by 8.58%.The yield of corn was higher and had no significant difference with the first under the density of 75 000 plants/hm2 and the row spacing pattern of 60 cm and(80 + 40) cm.Under the configuration of test density and row spacing,the optimum planting pattern for summer corn Xianyu 335 in Huanghuaihai area was(80 +40) cm row spacing with 60 000 plants/hm2.
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Plant population is an important strategy and determinant for producing high yield of crops. Inefficient use of nitrogen fertilizer and proper application time are major constraint for low productivity. A two year field research experiment was conducted at agronomic research Farm University of agriculture Faisalabad, Pakistan during 2014 and 2015 to assess the effect of row spacing (40 cm, 60 cm, 80 cm) and nitrogen application time in different splits on productivity of maize. The effect of one N application dose vs. two split (at planting and V4), three split (at planting, V4, and V6), (at planting V4,V8), four split (at planting, V4, V8 and VT) and five split (at planting V4, V6, V8, R1 ) on maize Hybrid. Fisher’s analysis of variance technique was used to analyze data while differences among treatment means were compared using Tukey’s Test at 5% probability level. Results revealed that sowing maize at 40 cm and nitrogen application in five splits was superior to other row spacing’s and nitrogen application time with respect to, leaf area index, crop growth rate, plant height, cob length, number of grains/row biomass production, 1000- grain weight, grain yield and harvest index as compared to conventional method of planting and nitrogen application. It is thus concluded that narrow row spacing (40 cm) with five split N(at planting V4, V6, V8, R1 ) application of 250 kg ha-1 increased the yield up to 7 %, 12 %as compared to wider row spacing and nitrogen application in two or three splits.
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To clarify the best planting mode,using completely randomized block design in the field,with different planting density of 7 planting modes of maize,the effects of different planting modes on photosynthetic performance of maize populations,dry matter accumulation and yield were studied. The results indicated that the population structure of maize was improved,inter plant competition was reduced,individual growth and development was promoted,the leaf area index and photosynthetic efficiency were higher,the dry matter accumulation and yield were the maximum,and the yield increasing effect was obvious under the planting mode of wide and narrow row double planting,the wide row was 70 cm,the narrow row was 40 cm,the hill spacing was 40 cm,the planting density was 90 750 plant / hm2,it was the optimal planting pattern for maize,in which the yield could reach 11 536. 35 kg / hm2.
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The result of field experiment which 4 leaf straight-up type maize hybrids,3 planting model(50 cm row distance,6-angle shape,67 cm row distance),3 density(60 000 plants/ha,75 000 plants/ha,90 000 plants/ha) indicated that maize single plant round area with maize mass yield is up to 0.01 level of difference significant high positive interrelation,the optimum combination of Row×Density is that 50 cm row distance,90 000 plants/ha;not only is the maize yield highest but also be good for the cultivating of maize.
Plant Density
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