Forests are essential for the provision of water, financial resources, food, and carbon, and offer immense ecosystem service values. The accurate, quantitative, and objective evaluation of forest ecosystem service (FES) values can help uncover methods for realizing ecological product value, which in turn supports forest conservation and ecological benefit enhancement. In China, FES valuation methods are diverse and tailored to specific objectives, encompassing matter quantity assessment, value quantity assessment, energy value analysis, and landscape ecological modeling methods. The “Forest Ecosystem Service Function Assessment Specification” guideline plays a crucial role in fostering standardized valuation. Carbon-related ecosystem services have been increasingly studied in China; however, valuation challenges remain, including data accuracy, the double counting of ecosystem services, methodological limitations, and the incomplete assessment of non-use values. Regarding value realization, the development of payment for ecosystem services (PES), ecological product benefit trading (EPBT), ecological premiums, and ecological industries has seen gradual progresses in recent years. However, realization approaches still depend on government support, and the establishment of market-oriented strategies requires further reinforcement. Enhancing FES valuation necessitates the integration of interdisciplinary and multi-method approaches, as well as the creation of an accounting and assessment mechanism. Realization approaches must not only be continuously expanded but also consistently innovated over time. It is essential to consider the impact of market development on FES valuation; establish robust realization approaches; reinforce promotional and guarantee mechanisms; and increase the efficacy of policy management.
In hydroponics test the flue cured tobacco dry matter accumulation and potassium content and accumulation in root, stem and leaf were studied when changing the rations of NH + 4/NO - 3 and nitrogen concentration in nutrient solution after topping.The results showed that flue cured tobacco dry matter accumulation raised to the maximum when the ration of NH + 4/NO - 3 was 0∶10 and nitrogen concentration was 140 mg/L. Potassium in leaf and stem raised to the maximum when the ration of NH + 4/NO - 3 was 0∶10 and nitrogen concentration was 35 mg/L.Potassium accumulation in leaf and stem raised to the maximum when the ration of NH + 4/NO - 3 was 0∶10 and nitrogen concentration was 140 mg/L. Potassium content and accumulation in root raised to the maximum when the ration of NH + 4/NO - 3 was 5∶5 and nitrogen concentration was 70m g/L. In different treatments, change of potassium content and accumulation in different parts of tobacco was according to the following sequence∶leafstemroot.
Natural Forest Conservation Program (NFCP) was established in China in 1998. As a nationwide engineering project, one of the most important tasks was to mandate conversion of marginal farmlands to forestland or grassland (reforestation or afforestation in farmlands) where topographical slope steepness was more than 25 degree. In order to quantitatively grade agriculture soil loss amount and assess spatio-temporal variation of soil erosion volume, as well as to guide the process of the conversion of farmlands to forest in upstream of Yangtze Rivers. The research analyzed how to calculate K, S, L, C and P factors of Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) on the base of considering terrain, climate and characters of agricultural soil using GIS technology. The methods can adapt to the variation terrain of the dry valley region in upstream of Yangtze Rivers. As believed the reforestation was a long-term engineering, the planning of reforest farmlands should be a temporal decision process, which should be considered that where should be afforested at once and where should afforested in abeyance on the basis of grading soil loss amount and the others conditions of farmland. Grading agricultural soil loss amount would be beneficial to program a feasible plan in the conversation of farmlands to forest.
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