Grade agricultural soil loss amount by integrating GIS and USLE in upstream of Yangtze River, China
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Natural Forest Conservation Program (NFCP) was established in China in 1998. As a nationwide engineering project, one of the most important tasks was to mandate conversion of marginal farmlands to forestland or grassland (reforestation or afforestation in farmlands) where topographical slope steepness was more than 25 degree. In order to quantitatively grade agriculture soil loss amount and assess spatio-temporal variation of soil erosion volume, as well as to guide the process of the conversion of farmlands to forest in upstream of Yangtze Rivers. The research analyzed how to calculate K, S, L, C and P factors of Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) on the base of considering terrain, climate and characters of agricultural soil using GIS technology. The methods can adapt to the variation terrain of the dry valley region in upstream of Yangtze Rivers. As believed the reforestation was a long-term engineering, the planning of reforest farmlands should be a temporal decision process, which should be considered that where should be afforested at once and where should afforested in abeyance on the basis of grading soil loss amount and the others conditions of farmland. Grading agricultural soil loss amount would be beneficial to program a feasible plan in the conversation of farmlands to forest.Keywords:
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This paper gives an expatiation on significance and specific requirements of developing afforestation and reforestation project under CDM in Kyoto Protocol. According to the international rules and the current forestry development situation in China, the priority area for CDM afforestation and reforestation (CDM A/R) project is finally found after scientific selection and assessment on indicators, including the non-forestland area in 1990, growth rate of tree, afforestation cost, biodiversity and community development. The outcome from the study provides a solid basis for finding and implementing CDM A/R carbon sequestration projects in China. The study also puts forward suggestions on the strategy to develop and manage CDM A/R projects in China
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Kyrgyzstan is home to one of the largest areas of natural walnut forest in the world. These forests support significant genetic diversity of many important ancestral strains of fruit and nut tree species. The walnuts from those forests are a major source of cash income for many households in that region. Most of the walnut forests are overgrazed, which effectively hinders natural rejuvenation. This has resulted in overaged and degraded forests. Currently, tree cutting for timber is forbidden under a moratorium. In some instances, walnut trees grow in agroforestry systems together with potato and corn as annual crops or apples and berries, alongside hay. Reforestation and afforestation in the walnut forest region is imperative to secure walnut harvests and associated incomes once the existing trees start bearing fewer nuts. The objective of this study was to analyze the economic performance of a range of representative combinations of annual crops, berries, and fast-bearing fruit trees in reforestation and afforestation plots. This included hypothetical timber utilization in order to be able to bridge the income gap until newly planted walnut trees bear nuts. Data were based on semistructured household and expert interviews. In all plots there was grassy vegetation, which was harvested for hay. In some of the plots, corn and potatoes were grown as annual crops. Additionally, in part of the plots apple and berries were grown next to walnuts. The net present value of the farming systems for a 20-year period was highest for the 2 systems that included hypothetical timber utilization. Walnut and haymaking performed worst, with a negative net present value. All non-timber systems yielded an income gap until around year 10, when walnut trees begin to fruit.
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It is a widely recognized one of the most cost-effective way to increase forest carbon sinks to control the rising of CO2 concentration in atmosphere through afforestation and reforestation. Carbon sinks of artificial plantations are also recognized as a probable and likely way to mitigate global climate change. According to the national and international calculation rules of tree-planting CO2 emission reduction,this study proposed a method to calculate the effect of the large-scale tree-planting CO2 emission reduction through afforestation and reforestation based on the characteristics of the natural environment in arid areas. This paper discussed the ways how the calculation factors of the emission reduction were selected and suggested that a comprehensive research system should be put in place to reinforce the researches on forest carbon sinks from the perspectives of policy,technology and marketing,which could clearly and quantitively measure our country's contribution to mitigate global climate changes through afforestation and reforestation in the arid areas. The results of the study provided useful support to the development and the management of afforestation carbon sequestration projects in arid areas.
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Estimates of forest area vary according to source and definition. How forest is defined can influence how deforestation, reforestation and afforestation can be interpreted. This paper, for example, illustrates some of the difference for estimates of forest land in Turkey and the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations and how different definitions of forest may be interpreted for deforestation, reforestation, and afforestation. Lastly I provide some suggestions for developing clearer definitions. Forest, deforestation, reforestation, afforestation, Turkey.
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The Belgian climate policy is formulated at the federal level, requiring cooperation between regional and federal administrations. Around a fifth of the total area of Belgium is covered by forests. Around 80/ of the productive forests are in the Walloon region. Reported values for land use change and forestry categories give a potential of 2,057 kt eq. CO2 per year. Given the existing regional forest inventories (RFI): RFI1 for 1984 and RFI2 for 1999, an estimate has been made to consolidate reported data. Afforestation, deforestation and reforestation activities are calculated according the Intergovernemental Panel on Climate Change special report on land use, land use change and forestry.
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A forestation is the endeavours to plant trees in fruitless grounds, to make a backwoods. It is significant in light of the fact that it assists with looking at the utilization of regular assets by giving an elective source pool. It is the way toward planting trees, or planting seeds, in an infertile land without any trees to make woodland. While reforestation is expanding the quantities of tree of current woods, afforestation is the production of another backwoods. Afforestation is profoundly essential to keep up the biodiversity. In numerous legislative grounds non-administrative associations straightforwardly participate in projects of afforestation to make woods, increment carbon catch and carbon sequestration and help to anthropogenically improve biodiversity.
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Certain tree species can emit large amounts of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that have important implications for ozone and aerosol air quality. However, this factor has never been accounted for in afforestation and reforestation activities around the world. This implies that afforestation and reforestation efforts aiming to improve the environment (through carbon sequestration and climate mitigation, erosion control, etc.) could have unexpected, negative impacts on air quality if the wrong tree species are planted in the wrong locations. This study aims at integrating considerations for air quality in afforestation and reforestation activities by developing and promoting an easy-to-understand and easy-to-implement air pollution potential (APP) index. The APP values are affected by not only the biogenic VOC emissions rates associated with various tree species but also the sensitivities of ozone and secondary organic aerosols (SOA) to biogenic VOCs which show large spatial and seasonal variations. The APP values (for ozone and aerosols, respectively) can be calculated by combining atmospheric chemistry models with observational data for biogenic VOC emission rates from various tree species. The APP index can effectively help the public, in particular the stakeholders of afforestation and reforestation projects so that optimized planting strategies (on what kinds of trees to plant and where to plant) can be developed to maximize the benefits from afforestation and reforestation activities.
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