The article substantiates the relevance of the strategic approach to solve the problems of the innovative development; the author's definition of the strategy of the development of innovative processes is given; the place of strategic planning in the technological sequence of strategy development is determined. The structure of strategic planning documents developed at the federal and regional levels in the Russian Federation is presented. The structure of the sectoral documents of strategic planning of the Russian Federation is defined. A system of strategic planning in the field of crop production of the Pskov region, including the federal, interregional and regional levels, as well as general and sectoral documents is developed. The main priorities of the innovative development of crop production in accordance with the sectoral structure of the strategic planning documents of the Russian Federation are determined. The relevance of the choice of the strategic priorities in solving the problems of crop production of the Pskov region is formulated.
The article substantiates the relevance of the development of an innovative agricultural tool for farmers - manual self-cleaning rake. The device is related to agriculture, to manual tools with teeth in particular, and can be used for soil treatment and harvesting cultivated plants. Constant clogging of the rake's teeth reduces the productivity of those who use them. The teeth cleaning requires a significant amount of time and effort, and special additional devices. Known scientific and technical solutions do not allow to reduce to a minimum the user's movements when cleaning the teeth, do not provide a balanced cleaning of the teeth, especially when they are heavily clogged. The proposed device contains a cleaning plate that is formed with many spaced holes passing through the teeth. Moving this plate along the teeth of rakes or similar devices ensures their quick and balanced cleaning. The article describes the features and disadvantages of patented scientific and technical solutions, as well as the design features of the proposed innovative agricultural tool.
The article substantiates the relevance of the development of an innovative agricultural tool – manual self-cleaning rake. Constant clogging of the rake’s teeth reduces the productivity of those who use them. The teeth cleaning requires a significant amount of time and effort, and special additional devices. The article describes the features and disadvantages of patented scientific and technical solutions, as well as the design features of the proposed innovative agricultural tool
The article substantiates the relevance of the development of an innovative device, namely an adaptive anti-slipping spike, and the prospects for the use of martensites in its manufacture. The device belongs to the automotive industry, specifically to the anti-slipping spikes. Tire treads of vehicles are equipped with these spikes to increase their adhesion to the roadway. The use of traditional anti-slipping spikes does not allow solving two problems at the same time: to ensure maximum adhesion of the vehicle’s wheel to the road surface and to minimize the destructive effect of anti-slipping spikes on the road surface. These tasks are solved by the fact that the proposed device is made according to the shape and size of traditional anti-slipping spikes but contains a retractable pin. The pin can be operated either by the substances with a negative coefficient of thermal expansion or martensitic materials. The article describes the prospects and features of their use.
The article deals with the essence and advantages of digitalization – the introduction of digital computer technologies and information presented in digital form into production activities. The cost of economy digitalization and its individual industries is estimated. It is concluded that the decision on digitalization should be justified, supported by the necessary calculations. The article states that the use of computer technologies by Russian agrarians in production processes is the exception rather than the rule. The capacity of crop production as a long-term process, variable in terms of technological effectiveness, structure of operations and costs, for the introduction of advanced information technologies, is estimated. The article presents a description of the place of agriculture in the economy of the Pskov region, the characteristics of the main indicators of crop production. It is concluded that the growth of the gross output of the main types of agricultural products in crop production was largely due to a significant increase in yield index, but the acreage and provision of agricultural machinery in the region continue to decline. The study revealed that the power supply per production unit of agricultural producers combined with the level of digitalization reduce the size and change the structure of production costs. In addition, an assessment of the effect of the introduction of information technology in the chain of formation of the costs of crop production is given. The article describes the sequence of evaluation of the return on investment costs for digitalization of crop production in the Pskov region. The rate of payback due to savings in production costs is estimated at 5 years.
Abstract Improvement of the tire design is considered as the main scenario of innovative development of the tire industry. The results of the research work of the employees of the FSBEI of Higher Education “Pskov State University”, who developed a utility model “Double-sided summer-winter pneumatic tire” (Patent for utility model No. 182679), is presented. The design features of the the double-sided summer-winter vehicle tire and the distinctive features that determine its scientific novelty is revealed. Providing the possibility of year-round use of pneumatic tires is highlighted as the main technical problem solved by the proposed utility model. The prospects for the production of the double-sided summer-winter pneumatic tire associates with the possibility of its multiple and periodic overturning. The article specifies the design features of automotive pneumatic tires, which in a particular state are the obstacles for overturning of the tires. The conclusion is made, that the design features determine the possibility and speed of overturning, and the knowledge of the deformation limit values specifies the requirements for the production of this innovative product.
The right way out of the crisis of the agro-based industries is the maximum use of the opportunities of scientific and technological progress and the orientation of the real economy to innovative development. One of the promising technologies of crop production is an innovative technology in potato growing, which provides for the co-culturing of potatoes with honey crops. Phacelia tanacetifolia (PhaceliatanacetifoliaBenth) is selected as honey crop, which is a valuable green manure. It allows to reduce the need for organic and mineral fertilizers, increases the ecological cleanness of products, favors the growth of potato yield, provides the additional honey yield. Phacelia significantly improves the soil structure, displacing a significant part of weeds, providing natural loosening of the soil, protection from drying out, from pests and parasites. The co-culturing of potatoes with phacelia protects the environment from the use of dangerous plant protection products. If the economic effect is defined as the difference between the profits of innovative and traditional technologies, then, according to preliminary calculations, the level of profitability of innovative technology in potato growing is 1.9 times higher, and the profit from 1 ha is 1.6 times higher compared with the traditional technology. Large-scale development of the proposed technology is hampered by the lack of potato planters and seed planters, which provide planting of potatoes and sowing seeds of honey crops simultaneously, in the Russian market and the markets of the European Union. An innovative technology - mounted seeder for potato planters was developed by the staff members of the Pskov State University. The article describes the main agro-technological requirements to this device. A general model and a kinematic scheme were developed to visualize the combination of the working elements of the potato planter and the mounted seeder. The developed model falls into the type of seed planters, which is designed to sowing in drills the seeds of honey crops (phacelia) in the furrow between potatoes at the time of the forthcoming closing of this furrow by soil, and can be used in agricultural engineering. Potential consumers of the proposed innovative technology in potato growing and the developed mounted seeder are farm enterprises and agricultural production cooperatives, which have small plots of land, use crop rotation systems in potato growing, and work for reducing costs and increasing the yield of potato cultivation.
In agro-industrial complex, cost structure is of strategic importance, because it allows to determine the level of innovation activity. The study revealed diversified influence of the innovation factor (acceleration of scientific and technological progress) on the cost structure and, first of all, on the change in the ratio of share of direct labor and materialized labor in favor of the latter. Implementation of the achievements of scientific and technological progress in enterprise activities leads to a reduction in the cost of direct labor and, at the same time, to an increase in its value due to the growth of qualification requirements. Furthermore, the innovative development of enterprises assumes the implementation of intensive technologies and the acquisition of more productive equipment. In the research, all the main agricultural crops in the Pskov region (Russia) are divided into groups according to the share of direct labor and materialized labor. The effectiveness of innovative development is determined by: ratio of the savings from reduction of direct labor costs to the effect from implementation of the innovations, which have affected this reduction; ratio of the savings from reduction of material costs and energy costs to the effect from implementation of the expensive technological innovations, which have affected this reduction.
