A model was developed to assess the risk of invasion of ornamental non-native fishes to six rivers in the state of Minas Gerais, southeastern Brazil, with focus on species popularity. Thirty-nine aquarium shops, in six cities, were visited monthly from January to December 2007. In each city, fish species were identified, and their biology and invasion history information was obtained from the literature. We calculated the annual frequency of occurrence and average number of specimens monthly available in stores. Quarterly water temperature and dissolved oxygen data from 1997 to 2007 were obtained for the Velhas, Muriaé, Uberabinha, Sapucaí-Mirim, Doce and Todos os Santos Rivers from public databases. The invasion risk of each species was assessed through a model comprising nine parameters grouped in four variables: (i) Invasiveness (thermal and dissolved oxygen ranges, diet, parental care or fecundity), (ii) History of invasions (establishment), (iii) Propagule pressure (commercial success, comprising annual frequency of occurrence and number of specimens available monthly at stores), and (iv) Invasibility (water temperature and dissolved oxygen in the target river compatible with the species ranges). Of the 345 ornamental fish species for sale, 332 are non-native to either Minas Gerais (n = 151) or Brazil (n = 194). Based on the proposed cutting values, in particular the compatibility between species and recipient thermal ranges, five ornamental non-native species (Cyprinus rubrofuscus, Carassius auratus, Xiphophorus hellerii, Poecilia reticulata, and P. latipinna) can potentially invade the Velhas and Muriaé Rivers, four species (Cyprinus rubrofuscus, Carassius auratus, X. helleri, and P. reticulata) the Uberabinha River, four species (Cyprinus rubrofuscus, Carassius auratus, X. maculatus, and P. reticulata) the Sapucaí-Mirim River, three species (Carassius auratus, X. hellerii, and P. reticulata) the Doce River, and three species (Cyprinus rubrofuscus, P. reticulata, and Amatitlania nigrofasciata) can potentially invade the Todos os Santos River. Six recommendations are suggested to reduce the invasion risk of non-native fish on the rivers surveyed posed by aquarium trade.
Plant cover plays an essential role in the maintenance and balance of the hydrological cycle, performing functions in the control of water availability, which guarantee flow permanence. The use of mathematical models is an alternative to represent the hydrological system and help in the understanding of phenomena involving the variables of the water cycle, in order to anticipate and predict impacts from potential changes in land use. In the present study, the hydrological model SWAT (Soil and Water Assessment Tool) was used to analyse the dynamics of flow and water flow in the Pará River Basin, Minas Gerais, Brazil, aiming to evaluate the impact caused by changes in land use in water availability. The adjusted model was assessed by the coefficient of efficiency of Nash-Sutcliffe (between -0.057 to -0.059), indicating high correlation and coefficient of residual mass (0.757 to 0.793) and therefore a satisfactory fit. An increase of about 10% in the basin flow was estimated, as a function of changes in land use, when simulating the removal of the original 'Cerrado' vegetation and of the seasonal semideciduous forest for pasture implementation in 38% of the basin.
O comportamento de forrageio de Xylocopa cearensis Ducke, 1910 (Apidae) em plantas de Waltheria cinerascens A. St.Hil. (Sterculiaceae) foi estudado pela primeira vez no ecossistema de restinga em dunas costeiras na APA do Abaeté (12o56’S, 38o21’W), município de Salvador, Bahia, Brasil, no período de 23/mar a 05/maio/2001. Foram acompanhadas treze rotas deforrageio entre plantas, com variação de quatro a vinte passos (média de treze passos). Os ângulos e as distâncias entre cada espécime vegetal visitado foram mensurados, bem como o número de flores oferecidas e visitadas. As rotas observadas indicam que provavelmente existe uma direcionalidade com tendência a movimentos laterais. As abelhas visitam cerca de 31% das flores oferecidas com pico de visitação próximo ao horário de receptividade estigmática. O néctar é o principal recurso floral explorado pelas abelhas, sendo o pólen depositado, durante o processo de coleta do néctar, na mandíbula ou na parte frontal da cabeça em flores longistílicas e brevistílicas, respectivamente. Esse comportamento possibilita a polinização interformas em W. cinerascens. A distribuição das plantas foi analisada através do método de quadrados contínuos. Waltheria cinerascens possui uma distribuição agrupada na área e o maior deslocamento apresentado por Xylocopa cearensis abrange uma área de 600 m2.
Parasitic plants constitute an interesting study template for several botanical and ecological in the studies. In Brazil, about 100 species of Loranthaceae have been described, among which several in the genus Struthanthus, aerial hemiparasites characterized by an haustorial root system. We evaluated the host specificity of S. flexicaulis Mart. in a 9-ha area of high-altitude ironstone fields in the “Iron Quadrangle”, MG. The plant community develops over canga couraçada, a compact substrate rich in heavy metals, with low levels of moisture and organic matter. Of the 85 vascular plant species that occur in the area, 44, distributed among 19 families, are parasitized by S. flexicaulis, and one is used only as support. Phanerophytes were the most common host life-form. The lack of specificity is common to other Loranthaceae, and appropriate for a resource-heterogeneous environment, where host specificity would not be advantageous.
Ironstone ranges are considered hotspots for higher plants α and β diversity. The lack of studies and the intense degradation of the ironstone ranges, due to mining, motivated us to compile, for the first time, a list of vascular plants collected on iron-rich derived substrates from ancient landscape of south-eastern Brazil. All existing records in the Brazilian Virtual Herbarium of Flora and Fungi for each of the 43 municipalities containing ironstone ranges were downloaded, resulting in 17,954 vouchers identified to the species level. We found 2,933 species belonging to 160 families and 818 genera. For the first time, we identified 148 species mentioned in endangered flora official lists and 48 narrow endemic species. Collecting efforts must still be supported to properly sample the vegetation since, for 143 sites, less than 10 records/site were found. This dataset will assist with the indication of dozens of plant species whose threat criteria must be urgently assessed to subsidise public policies on the use and conservation of the Brazilian flora.