Prevalence of soil-transmitted helminths infection and associated risk factors among residents of Jigjiga town, Somali region, Eastern Ethiopia
Abdlmenur Alewi SedoAhmed ZeynudinTariku BelayMekdes Mekonen BelayAhmed Mohammed IbrahimMohamed Omar OsmanRamadan Budul YusufAbdifatah Abdulahi
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Background One of the tropical illnesses that is often overlooked is soil-transmitted helminths, or STHs. In tropical and subtropical nations, where poor sanitation and contaminated water sources are common, they mostly impact the most vulnerable populations. Objective The aim of this study was to ascertain the prevalence of STHs and related risk factors among the people living in Jigjiga town, Somali region, Eastern Ethiopia. Methods A community-based cross-sectional study was revealed from June 1 to July 21, 2023. Study participants were selected through a multistage sampling method, where households were randomly chosen from the kebeles. A semi-structured questionnaire and observational checklist were used to collect some of the data. A stool sample was collected from each participant, and a single Kato-Katz was performed to detect STHs. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed, and statistical significance was declared at a level of p -value < 0.05 between the outcome and independent variables. Results There were 507 participants in this study, and 90.9% of them responded. STH prevalence was 11.4% overall (95% CI = 9.0, 14.0). With a prevalent parasite species, A. lumbricoides was 9.3%, T. trichiura was 2.8%, and hookworms were 0.2%. Of the overall positive cases, 93.1% are due to single parasite infections. Independent predictors of STHs included low wealth status (AOR = 3.10; 95% CI = 1.25, 7.75; p = 0.015), infrequent hand washing before meals (AOR = 3.19; 95% CI = 1.55, 6.57; p = 0.002), earthen floors (AOR = 2.32; 95% CI = 1.12, 4.79; p = 0.023), and no drinking water treatment habit (AOR = 5.07; 95% CI = 1.89, 13.57; p = 0.001). Conclusion Jigjiga town had a low prevalence of STHs infections. Infrequent hand washing habits before meals, earthen floors, low wealth status, and no habit of treating drinking water were significant associated factors. Health education on handwashing, regular deworming, improved access to clean water and sanitation facilities to reduce the burden of STH effectively.Keywords:
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Somali
Cross-sectional study
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Soil-Transmitted Helminthiasis is caused by nematode worm infections, namely Ascaris lumbricoides (round worm), Trichuris trichiura (whipworm) and Necator americanus or Ancylostoma duodenale (hookworm). At present, the prevalence of Soil-Transmitted Helminthiasis in Indonesia is still high. To reduce the prevalence of Soil-Transmitted Helminthiasis in Indonesia, the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Indonesia holds a mass worm treatment program for pre-school age children and school-aged children. The drug given is albendazole 400 mg single dose. This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of a single dose of albendazole 400 mg against infections of Ascaris lumbricoides and Trichuris trichiura. This study used a Pre-Experiment research design (One Group Pretest-Posttest). The research subjects were 66 people. Subjects positive for Ascaris lumbricoides were 37 people (mild infection 67.57%, moderate infection 27.03% and severe infection 5.41%). After giving a single dose of albendazole 400 mg to 37 people who were positive for Ascaris lumbricoides, 37 people had not found eggs of Ascaris lumbricoides on faecal examination after treatment. Positive subjects Trichuris trichiura were 54 people (mild infections 51.85%, moderate infections 44.44% and severe infections 3.73%). After giving a single dose of albendazole 400 mg to 54 positive people Trichuris trichiura, in severe infections, the percentage of eggs dropped was 100%. In moderate infections, the percentage of the number of eggs dropped is 95.83%. In mild infections, the percentage of total recovery was 7.14%, and the percentage of eggs dropped was 39.29%. The results of the Wilcoxon test on Ascaris lumbricoides obtained a significance value of <0.05, which means that there are significant differences in the examination before treatment and after treatment. The results of the Wilcoxon test on Trichuris trichiura obtained a significance value of 0.05, which means there were no significant differences in the results of the examination before treatment and after treatment. Albendazole 400 mg single dose is effective against Ascaris lumbricoides infection and is not effective against Trichuris trichiura infection.
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Trichuriasis
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Ancylostoma duodenale
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The dominant intestinal helminths in the Iranian villages of Kargar Malleh (hookworms), Bandar Abbas (hookworms) and Jazin (Ascaris lumbricoides and Trichuris trichiura), were recorded with their frequency distributions, in 80, 40 and 111 villagers, respectively in 1977-78. Anthelminthics were then used to remove all intestinal stages which were identified and counted. Analyses showed clumped or over-dispersed patterns in all cases. Each community contained 'wormy persons', 1 to 3% of the individuals carried 11, 16, 30, 38 or 84% of all the worms collected. 'Wormy persons' could only be identified for one parasite, thus those with the highest infestations of one species were not prone to higher infestation with another. In Jazin, 111 persons with measured initial worm burdens of A. lumbricoides, T. trichiura and Trichostrongylus spp. were followed without further therapy or change in habits for up to 12 months during re-infection. There was no significant correlation between those persons with high initial worm burdens and those with high burdens after 12 months. The public health significance of these findings is discussed.
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The concentration McMaster method for diagnosis of patent Ascaris and Trichuris infections in humans
In tropical and subtropical regions, soil-transmitted helminth (STH) infections such as Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura, and hookworms have a significant impact on public health. Globally, A. lumbricoides infects approximately 0.8 billion people, while T. trichiura infects around 500 million. This study involved a comparison of three diagnostic methods, Kato-Katz and two flotation methods (concentration McMaster, and simple McMaster), for the detection of Ascaris and Trichuris in human faeces. We conducted a comparison of the number of eggs in faeces (or faecal egg counts (FECs)) obtained with these methods using freshly collected samples that were positive for T. trichiura and spiked with a known quantity of Ascaris sp. eggs. Additionally, for the concentration McMaster method we assessed FECs after storing the samples at 5 °C for up to 21 days. The concentration McMaster method demonstrated superiority over the simple McMaster method in terms of higher detection levels for both helminths, while the Kato-Katz method yielded FEC values very close to the 'true' spiking values. Importantly, the concentration McMaster method was considerably easier to read compared with the Kato-Katz method, and it allowed for sample storage at 5 °C for up to 14 days without affecting FEC results. Consequently, we conclude that the concentration McMaster method is an effective and user-friendly alternative for diagnosis of Ascaris and Trichuris infections in humans. Furthermore, it offers the advantage of sample storage before analysis, enhancing flexibility in the workflow.
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A survey of 428 households in a shanty town in Coatzacoalcos, Mexico, revealed high prevalences of Ascaris lumbricoides and Trichuris trichiura. The data were analysed separately for A. lumbricoides and T. trichiura in order to investigate the spatial distribution of heavy infections through the town. Within each age class, those individuals with egg counts in the upper 20% of the range for that age were classified as "heavily infected". When the data were stratified by household size, it was found that the distribution of "heavily-infected" individuals was not random in the community. "Heavily-infected" individuals were found together in households; fewer household units had a single heavily-infected individual than would be expected by chance. Such a pattern could result either from genetic similarities among family members influencing their ability to mount an effective immunological response to infection, or focal transmission in the vicinity of the home, or both. This result may have important implications for the development of community control programmes.
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A cross-sectional study on helminthiasis among rural primary school children aged 9 to 10 years Bachok, Kelantan was performed. A total of 680 schoolchildren participated in the study. Stool specimens were examined for the presence of the ova of Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura and hookworm. The worm load was then measured using the modified Stoll' s volumetric dilution technique. The overall prevalence of helminthiasis was 77.2%. Trichuris trichiura were the commonest type of heminth noted -66 .8%, compared with Ascaris lumbricoides ( 49. 7%) and hookworm ( 1 .8%) . Mixed infections with Ascaris lumbricoides and Trichuris trichiura was the commonest type of infection 249(41.5%). For Ascaris lumbricoides, 34.6% had mild and 51 .3% had moderate worm load while for Trichuris trichiura, 66.5% had mild and 30.8 % had moderate worm load. Only 14.1 % and 2.7% of the schoolchildren had a heavy load of Ascaris lumbricoides and T richuris trichiura respectively. All the schoolchildren with hookworm were only mildly infected. Targeted mass treatment for rural Malay
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