Comparison of Image Pre-Processing Approach for Classification of Intestinal Parasite Ascaris Lumbricoides Ova and Trichuris Trichiura Ova
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Trichuris trichiura
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The whipworm, Trichuris trichiura L., is one of the most common human intestinal parasites worldwide, yet little is known of its origin and global spread. Archaeological records for this nematode have all been of Neolithic or later date, suggesting a possible association between the spread of pastoral farming and human acquisition of whipworm. This paper reports the discovery of eggs of the genus Trichuris in late Mesolithic deposits from south Wales, indicating that whipworm was present in Europe before the arrival of agriculture. This raises the possibility that human infection by Trichuris arose through contact with wild animals in parts of the landscape frequented by both human and animal groups.
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The merthiolate-iodine-formalin (MIF) technique to detect human intestinal parasites in feces was inefficient for the detection of hookworm and Trichuris trichiura eggs. Addition of a saturated-brine flotation step increased recovery of hookworm eggs by 77% and Trichuris trichiura eggs by 87%. Recovery of Ascaris lumbricoides also was increased by 71%. This was a significant improvement in the sensitivity of the MIF technique for these 3 kinds of human parasite.
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Soil-Transmitted Helminthiasis is caused by nematode worm infections, namely Ascaris lumbricoides (round worm), Trichuris trichiura (whipworm) and Necator americanus or Ancylostoma duodenale (hookworm). At present, the prevalence of Soil-Transmitted Helminthiasis in Indonesia is still high. To reduce the prevalence of Soil-Transmitted Helminthiasis in Indonesia, the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Indonesia holds a mass worm treatment program for pre-school age children and school-aged children. The drug given is albendazole 400 mg single dose. This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of a single dose of albendazole 400 mg against infections of Ascaris lumbricoides and Trichuris trichiura. This study used a Pre-Experiment research design (One Group Pretest-Posttest). The research subjects were 66 people. Subjects positive for Ascaris lumbricoides were 37 people (mild infection 67.57%, moderate infection 27.03% and severe infection 5.41%). After giving a single dose of albendazole 400 mg to 37 people who were positive for Ascaris lumbricoides, 37 people had not found eggs of Ascaris lumbricoides on faecal examination after treatment. Positive subjects Trichuris trichiura were 54 people (mild infections 51.85%, moderate infections 44.44% and severe infections 3.73%). After giving a single dose of albendazole 400 mg to 54 positive people Trichuris trichiura, in severe infections, the percentage of eggs dropped was 100%. In moderate infections, the percentage of the number of eggs dropped is 95.83%. In mild infections, the percentage of total recovery was 7.14%, and the percentage of eggs dropped was 39.29%. The results of the Wilcoxon test on Ascaris lumbricoides obtained a significance value of <0.05, which means that there are significant differences in the examination before treatment and after treatment. The results of the Wilcoxon test on Trichuris trichiura obtained a significance value of 0.05, which means there were no significant differences in the results of the examination before treatment and after treatment. Albendazole 400 mg single dose is effective against Ascaris lumbricoides infection and is not effective against Trichuris trichiura infection.
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Hookworm Infections
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The whipworm, Trichuris trichiura, causes trichuriasis in ∼600 million people worldwide, mainly in developing countries. Whipworms also infect other animal hosts, including pigs (T. suis), dogs (T. vulpis) and non-human primates, and cause disease in these hosts, which is similar to trichuriasis of humans. Although Trichuris species are considered to be host specific, there has been considerable controversy, over the years, as to whether T. trichiura and T. suis are the same or distinct species. Here, we characterised the entire mitochondrial genomes of human-derived Trichuris and pig-derived Trichuris, compared them and then tested the hypothesis that the parasites from these two host species are genetically distinct in a phylogenetic analysis of the sequence data. Taken together, the findings support the proposal that T. trichiura and T. suis are separate species, consistent with previous data for nuclear ribosomal DNA. Using molecular analytical tools, employing genetic markers defined herein, future work should conduct large-scale studies to establish whether T. trichiura is found in pigs and T. suis in humans in endemic regions.
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Soil-transmitted helminth (STH) infections are still a considerable challenge in Myanmar. We undertook a control program for STH infections (especially Trichuris trichiura) among schoolchildren in Myanmar using mass drug administration (MDA) and health education. Around 1,700 schoolchildren from 15 primary schools in 3 suburban districts (Shwe Pyi Thar, Twantay, and Kyauktan) of the Yangon Region were subjected in this study during 2017-2019. All of the schoolchildren in each school were orally administered albendazole (400 mg in a single dose) 2, 3, and 4 times a year in 2017, 2018, and 2019, respectively. The results revealed that the egg positive rate of any intestinal helminths (including STH) was reduced from 37.6% (649/1,724) in 2017 to 22.8% (352/1,542) in 2019. The egg positive rate of Ascaris lumbricoides was decreased remarkably from 23.3% (402/1,724) in 2017 to 3.6% (56/1,542) in 2019. However, that of T. trichiura was only slightly reduced from 26.9% (464/1,724) in 2017 to 20.2% (312/1,542) in 2019. The intensity of infection with A. lumbricoides and T. trichiura was both more or less reduced, and the proportion of light infection cases with A. lumbricoides and T. trichiura increased from 35.6% in 2017 to 64.3% in 2019 and from 70.3% in 2017 to 81.7% in 2019, respectively. The results indicated that repeated MDAs (2-4 times a year for 3 years) using albendazole on schoolchildren in Myanmar failed to control T. trichiura infection. For a successful control of trichuriasis in Myanmar, new MDA strategies, using a modified albendazole regimen (multiple daily doses for 2 or 3 days) or an alternative anthelmintic drug, such as oxantel pamoate, is strongly recommended.
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Ascaris lumbricoides is the most common intestinal nematode of man. It occurs most frequently in the tropics. Trichuris trichiura infection is more common in warm, moist areas of the world and is often seen in conjunction with Ascaris infections. Infections with both Trichuris and Ascaris , and other intestinal nematodes are known to occur because of their similarity in their port of entry. Purok Kings is one of the Puroks in Barangay General Paulino Santos. The study involves the examination of 60 children; 30 boys, and 30 girls, ages 7 to10 years old. This study was conducted to find out the prevalence of Ascaris lumbricoides and Trichuris trichiura infection among the vicinity of Purok Kings, Brgy. GPS. Survey pertaining to the practices of children in the area was conducted through house to house visit and by distributing survey forms. Stools were collected and examined with direct fecal smear under binocular microscope. Ascaris and Trichuris ova were observed, recorded and documented for results. Out of sixty respondents, forty-eight were infected both Ascaris lumbricoides and Trichuris trichiura in their stool specimen. The percentage of positive results on each age group shows how prevalent Ascariasis in the area is. When it comes to sexes, Ascariasis is high on males and Trichuriais is high on females. The practices of the children greatly affected the spread of these parasites in the area; most of it was from children who play in the soil, or children who play with their pets that also had a contact with the soil.
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Humans are the host of several intestinal nematodes, most of which can cause public health problems. Among intestinal nematodes there are species that are transmitted through soil or called "soil transmitted helmith" can occur in species Ascaris lumbricoides, Ancylostoma duodenale, Trichuris trichiura. These nematodes mostly infect children aged 5-10 years. The purpose of this study was to determine the presence of intestinal nematodes in the stools of children aged 5-10 years who live around Jalan Abdul Kadir Makassar City, and this study was conducted in the D-3 laboratory of Health Analysts at the University of Eastern Indonesia Makassar with the sedimentation method. The research conducted was a laboratory observation. From examination data on 20 faecal samples of children aged 5-10 years, 7 positive samples (35%) were found, namely Ascaris lumbricoides and 1 positive sample (5%) Trichuris trichiura. From the results of the above research it is suggested to children to maintain hygienic and environmental sanitation. It is recommended to further researchers to examine Ascaris lumbricoides worms and trichuris tricura quantitative methods to measure the amount of intestinal worms infection.
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Ancylostoma duodenale
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Intestinal parasite
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Helminthiasis or Ascariasis is a disease that caused by parasitic worm. This disease is common happen in the world especially in Indonesia. Parasitic worm who usually causes Ascariasis is a grup of Soil Transmitted Helminths (STH), include roundworm (Ascaris lumbricoides) and whipworm (Trischuris trichiura). Ascaris lumbricoides usually spread through food, drink and toy that infect Ascaris egg. Children common infect of Ascariasis is caused the children often play in the land which places of Ascaris and Trichuris develop. The purpose of this inspection on children of AL- Kautsar Kindergarten at Mojosongo Village Sub District Jebres are to know available of Ascaris and Trischuris egg and to know how many the percentage of Children infected Ascaris lumbricoides and Trischuris trichiura. There are 19 samples of feces from children of AL-Kautsar Kindergarten at Mojosongo Village Sub District Jebres. The inspections of feces have done by directly method using dye eosin 2%. Inspection result of 19 sample of feces from children of Al-Kautsar kindergarten at Mojosongo Village Sub District Jebres show that there do not found of worm egg and which negative percentage of Ascaris lumbricoides and Trischuris trichiura 100%. Based on the result analysis, number of Ascariasis on the children of Al-Kautsar kindergarten at Mojosongo Village Sub District Jebres are low.
Key words: Ascaris lumbricoides, Trischuris trichiura, Feces
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Trichuris muris , is the murine parasite and widely deployed model for the human whipworm Trichuris trichiura , a parasite that infects around 500 million people globally. Trichuriasis is a classical disease of poverty with a cycle of re-infection due to the continual exposure of humans, particularly children, to infective eggs, which contaminate the soil in endemic areas. Indeed, modelling studies of trichuriasis have demonstrated that the low efficacy rate of current anthelmintics combined with the high possibility of re-infection from the reservoir of infective eggs within the environment, mean that the elimination of morbidity due to trichuriasis is unlikely to occur. Despite the importance of the infective egg stage in the perpetuation of infections, understanding the biology of the Trichuris ova has been neglected for decades. Here we perform experiments to assess the impact of temperature on the embryonation process of T. muris eggs and describe in detail the stages of larval development within these eggs. In keeping with the early works performed in the early 1900s, we show that the embryonation of T. muris is accelerated by an elevation in temperature, up to 37°C above which eggs do not fully develop and become degenerate. We extend these data to provide a detailed description of T. muris egg development with clear images depicting the various stages of development. To the best of our knowledge we have, for the first time, described the presence of birefringent granules within egg-stage larvae, as well as providing a qualitative and quantitative description of a motile larval stage prior to quiescence within the egg. These experiments are the first step towards a better understanding of the basic biology which underlies the process of egg embryonation. With the threat of elevation in global temperatures, the accelerated embryonation rate we observe at higher temperatures may have important consequences for parasite transmission rates and prospective modelling studies. In addition, a deeper understanding of the Trichuris ova may allow the development of novel control strategies targeting the egg stage of Trichuris in the environment as an adjunct to MDA.
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Background: Trichuris trichiura or whipworm is a Platyhelminthes parasite infecting the human gastrointestinal tract. Trichuris trichiura is a soil-transmitted helminth (STH). A tropical climate like Indonesia is an ideal place for STH. Prevalence of STH is still high in Indonesia, ranging from 2,5 – to 62 %. This parasite lives in the human colon, consuming blood, and nutrition from its host as well as usually manifests with eosinophilia incomplete blood count. However, this case study aims to evaluate the non-eosinophilia in Trichuris trichiura infection.Case Presentation: In this case, the patient is an 11 years old male with symptoms of diarrhea and dehydration; there are also signs of mild dehydration from a physical examination. Several tests are taken to assess the cause of diarrhea, such as a complete blood count (CBC) test which the result is only leukocytosis and slight monocyte increase, no elevation of eosinophil. Trichuris trichiura egg was found on the microscopic stool observation.Conclusion: Some studies show a significant association between the elevation of eosinophil and trichuriasis infection. However, the case report shows leukocytosis only, without elevation of eosinophil. Eosinophilia could be used as a marker of Trichuriasis infection, especially in the acute phase, but not all trichuriasis infections are followed by eosinophilia. This might be because of the natural course of the disease itself and the defense mechanism of the parasite. Latar Belakang: Trichuristrichiura atau cacing cambuk adalah parasit dari jenis cacing pipih yang menyerang saluran pencernaan manusia.Trichuris trichiura merupakan jenis cacing soil-transmitted helminth (STH) yang dapat berkembang biak dengan baik di iklim tropis seperti Indonesia. Prevalensi kecacingan di Indonesia masing cukup tinggi dan angkanya bervariasi di tiap wilayah, berkisar antara 2,5 – 62 %. Parasit ini hidup di usus besar manusia, memakan darah, dan nutrisi dari inangnya serta biasanya bermanifestasi dengan eosinofilia dalam hitung darah lengkap. Namun, studi kasus ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi non-eosinofilia pada infeksi Trichuris trichiura.Presentasi Kasus: Kasus yang kami dapatkan adalah anak laki-laki 11 tahun dengan keluhan buang air besar cair dan dehidrasi. Pada pemeriksaan fisik didapatkan tanda dehidrasi ringan. Untuk mencari penyebab keluhannya dilakukan beberapa pemeriksaan penunjang yaitu pemeriksaan darah lengkap dimana didapatkan peningkatan pada sel darah putih dan sedikit peningkatan monosit, namun tidak disertai dengan peningkatan eosinofil. Pada pemeriksaan feses didapatkan gambaran telur cacing Trichuris trichiura.Kesimpulan: Beberapa penelitian menyatakan bahwa ada hubungan yang signifikan antara peningkatan eosinofil dengan trichuriasis. Namun, pada pasien ini hanya didapatkan leukositosis tanpa diikuti dengan peningkatan eosinofil. Eosinofil dapat dijadikan penanda infeksi terutama pada fase awal trichuriasis, namun tidak semua kasus ditemukan eosinofilia. Hal ini dapat terjadi karena mekanisme perjalanan penyakit itu sendiri dan juga mekanisme pertahanan dari parasit (Trichuristrichiuria) itu sendiri.
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