Characterisation of Trichoderma sp. BI 7376 and Pseudomonas chlororaphis subsp. aurantiaca BI 7439 as maize seed treatment for commercial traits
Eckhard KochTobias PfeifferAstrid von GalenTim BirrMario HaslerMathias KotteUlf FeuersteinFriederike Meyer-WohlfarthPetra ZinkAda Linkies
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Abstract:
In previous experiments, Trichoderma sp. BI 7376 and Pseudomonas chlororaphis subsp. aurantiaca BI 7439, applied as seed treatments, controlled soilborne Fusarium culmorum on maize. The current paper is focused on a deeper characterization of the effects of both strains. The experiments were conducted as pot tests with artificial inoculation of the substrate with F. culmorum, or with maize seed lots infected with Fusarium spp. When seeds were treated with Trichoderma strain BI 7376, Pseudomonas strain BI 7439 or with the chemical active ingredient thiram and stored before they were sown in substrate inoculated with F. culmorum, the protection by all agents declined. During the storage period of 211 days, the activity of thiram and Trichoderma strain BI 7376 dropped by about 38% and 57%, respectively. After 36 days of storage, Pseudomonas strain BI 7439 failed to provide any protection, which was obviously related to the observed total loss of viable cells of this agent. Moreover, we observed that both strains protected against soilborne F. subglutinans and F. verticillioides, showing that their activity was not limited to F. culmorum which was used in the previous experiments. Further, experiments with seed lots suspected or known to be infected with Fusarium species indicated that Trichoderma strain BI 7376 also controlled seedborne inoculum. When electron seed treatment was followed by application of Trichoderma strain BI 7376, both seed- and soilborne infections were controlled, showing that the concept of using a combination of a physical seed treatment and microbial antagonists appears feasible.Keywords:
Fusarium culmorum
Pseudomonas chlororaphis
Thiram
Seed treatment
Trichoderma
Strain (injury)
In previous experiments, Trichoderma sp. BI 7376 and Pseudomonas chlororaphis subsp. aurantiaca BI 7439, applied as seed treatments, controlled soilborne Fusarium culmorum on maize. The current paper is focused on a deeper characterization of the effects of both strains. The experiments were conducted as pot tests with artificial inoculation of the substrate with F. culmorum, or with maize seed lots infected with Fusarium spp. When seeds were treated with Trichoderma strain BI 7376, Pseudomonas strain BI 7439 or with the chemical active ingredient thiram and stored before they were sown in substrate inoculated with F. culmorum, the protection by all agents declined. During the storage period of 211 days, the activity of thiram and Trichoderma strain BI 7376 dropped by about 38% and 57%, respectively. After 36 days of storage, Pseudomonas strain BI 7439 failed to provide any protection, which was obviously related to the observed total loss of viable cells of this agent. Moreover, we observed that both strains protected against soilborne F. subglutinans and F. verticillioides, showing that their activity was not limited to F. culmorum which was used in the previous experiments. Further, experiments with seed lots suspected or known to be infected with Fusarium species indicated that Trichoderma strain BI 7376 also controlled seedborne inoculum. When electron seed treatment was followed by application of Trichoderma strain BI 7376, both seed- and soilborne infections were controlled, showing that the concept of using a combination of a physical seed treatment and microbial antagonists appears feasible.
Fusarium culmorum
Pseudomonas chlororaphis
Thiram
Seed treatment
Trichoderma
Strain (injury)
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SUMMARY Apparently normal pea seeds from pods bearing lesions of Mycosphaerella pinodes were often internally infected with the fungus. When infected seeds were sown in sterile grit almost all the seedlings showed disease lesions, at or below soil level, 4–6 weeks after sowing. Seed infected with Ascochyta pisi gave only 40% infection of seedlings: these showed lesions on the stem and first two leaves within 4 weeks of sowing. Infection of seeds by both pathogens could be eradicated by soaking the seeds for 24 hr. in 0.2% suspensions of thiram or captan at 30d̀C. In laboratory or greenhouse tests these treatments did not check germination, but in the field the captan treatment reduced emergence. The treated seeds became fully imbibed but could be dried and stored: the thiram treatment was used for semi‐commercial treatment of quantities of seed up to 3 cwt.
Thiram
Captan
Mycosphaerella
Seed treatment
Ascochyta
Pythium
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Experiments were conducted to determine the efficacy of thiram and other fungicides as seed disinfestants for the control of teliospores of Ustilago maydis. Exposure to thiram inhibited teliospore germination only temporarily. Bawsan 'L', containing the fungicide 2-(thiocyanomethylthio) benzothiazole (TCMTB), was the most effective chemical tested. It completely inhibited the germination of teliospores with 18 h exposure, and it also had a fumigant action. Tests with maize seed contaminated with teliospores indicated that complete control could be achieved after treatment with 100 ml Bawsan 'L'/100 kg of seed and that, at this rate of application, seed could be stored for at least 12 months without any deleterious effect on seedling emergence.
Thiram
Ustilago
Seed treatment
Captan
Fludioxonil
Smut
Benomyl
Metalaxyl
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Seeds treated with carbendazim at 2 g+thiram at 6 g per kg and thiram at 6 g per kg of seed recorded higher germination than untreated seeds. A standard slurry treatment of DOT 50% WP at 200 mg with 2 g of thiram per kg of seed also recorded higher germinetion.. However, germination in seeds treated with HCH and malaihion at 10 g per kg of seed recorded lower germination.
Thiram
Seed treatment
Carbamate
Benomyl
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Pseudomonas chlororaphis
Trichoderma
Root rot
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Citations (48)
Thiram
Captan
Seed treatment
Trichoderma harzianum
Root rot
Rhizoctonia
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Citations (1)
In the present investigation, the maximum reduction in collar & root rot was achieved i.e. 52.81 and 44.10% in soil application of Trichoderma @ 3 kg/50 kg FYM/ha and seed treatment @ 4 g/kg + soil application @ 2 kg/ha respectively. The maximum yield was obtained due to seed treatment with Thiram + Carbendazim +Trichoderma @ 3 + 1 + 4 g/Kg (14.75 q/ha.). The seed treatment with Trichoderma @ 4g + soil application @ 2kg/ha also recorded 14.33 q/ha grain, while it was at equal level of significance with soil application of Trichoderma @ 3 Kg/ha (13.94 q/ha). Dual application i.e. seed treatment and soil application 4g + 2 kg/FYM and seed treatment with Thiram + Carbendazim + Trichoderma (3 + 1 + 4 kg) proved to be effective in recording the higher grain yield with maximum diseases reduction. Seed treatment with Thiram + Carbendazim + Trichoderma (3 +1 +4 g/kg) also recorded ICBR 1:31 with maximum net return i.e. Rs.3905/ha followed by seed treatment of Trichoderma @ 4 g/kg + 50 kg FYM/ha. i.e. Rs.3278/ha.
Thiram
Trichoderma
Seed treatment
Collar rot
Root rot
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Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is an important winter season pulse crop in India grown in drought prone semi-arid and tropical regions. The aim of present investigation was to find out the effect of seed enhancement treatment on field performance of chickpea. Seeds of Chickpea Desi cultivar Pusa 256, Pusa 2028, and Kabuli cultivar Pusa1053, Pusa1108, each of fresh and 4 yrs old lots were taken for seed enhancement treatments like osmo-priming, halo-priming, fungicidal, botanical and polymer coating alone and in combination with thiram and neem oil. It was observed that seed treatment with thiram alone or in combination with polymer (PVP or PEM) significantly enhances germination and field emergence. Old seed lots of particularly Pusa 256 gives better result. The speed of emergence was invariably high in fresh seed lot (9.43) than old seed lots (4.84). However, in old seed lots, only halo-priming and polymer (PVP) in combination with thiram improved the speed of emergence significantly. Thus seeds treatment with thiram or in combination with hydrophilic polymers could be used for enhancing theperformance of chickpea.
Thiram
Seed treatment
Pusa
Priming (agriculture)
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The effect of seed dressing chemicals on cotton seedling stand establishment against soil borne diseases and yield were assessed in field experiment conducted at Cotton Research Station Junagadh Agricultural University Junagadh during 2013, 2014 and 2015. Results of three years pooled data indicated that all fungicidal treatments increase the germination as compare to control. Maximum seed germination percent was recorded to given seed treatment of carboxin 37.5% + thiram 37.5% DS @ 4.5 g/kg seed against seedling diseases of cotton Rhizoctonia solani and Fusarium sp. The pooled mortality percent was significantly minimum (5.70%) recorded in treatment Carboxin 37.5% + Thiram 37.5% DS, 4.5g/kg seed, followed by Carboxin 37.5% + Thiram 37.5% DS, 3.5g/kg seed (7.02%) as compare to control(17.70%). The significantly maximum seed cotton yield of 1754 kg/ha was recorded in treatment of Carboxin 37.5% + Thiram 37.5% DS, 4.5g/kg seed, followed by Carboxin 37.5% + Thiram 37.5% DS, 3.5g/kg seed (1712kg/ha) as compare to control1205 kg/ha seed cotton yield. Economical point of view the seed treatment of Carboxin 37.5% + Thiram 37.5% DS(Vitavax power) @ 3.5g/kg seed was found effective in reducing the mortality percent of soil borne diseases & highest CBR (1:261.3) with net return of Rs. 21,212/ha. The most important variable in these experiments was maximum germination percent so that farmer can maintain plant population of cotton.
Thiram
Seed treatment
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A 2-year field study was conducted for two experiments to evaluate the effectiveness of selected antagonists against Fusarium culmorum. Durum winter wheat seeds 'Vitron', naturally infected by F. culmorum at the rate of 20 %, were coated with conidial suspensions (1 x 10 8 conidia/ml) of five antagonistic fungi; Trichoderma atroviride 312, T. longibrachiatum 9, T. harzianum 144, Gliocladium roseum 11 and Penicillium frequentans and added to talcum powder for the first experiment. For the second one, seeds were treated with talcum + yeast (0.2 %) and G. roseum or T. harzianum. All biological treatments, compared to the infected control, gave a significant increase in emergence, winter survival, number of heads and yield, and lower disease incidence and severity in both experiments in both years. The addition of yeast slightly reduced the number of diseased plants. These results show that F. culmorum infecting wheat can be partially controlled by biological seed dressing treatments and even if chemicals (prochloraz + mancozeb, guazatine, tebuconazole + thiram) provide the best disease control, they do not assure a complete absence of the disease at the end of the crop season.
Fusarium culmorum
Tebuconazole
Trichoderma harzianum
Thiram
Seed treatment
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Citations (13)