Management of root and collar rot of soybean through bio-control agent Trichoderma
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In the present investigation, the maximum reduction in collar & root rot was achieved i.e. 52.81 and 44.10% in soil application of Trichoderma @ 3 kg/50 kg FYM/ha and seed treatment @ 4 g/kg + soil application @ 2 kg/ha respectively. The maximum yield was obtained due to seed treatment with Thiram + Carbendazim +Trichoderma @ 3 + 1 + 4 g/Kg (14.75 q/ha.). The seed treatment with Trichoderma @ 4g + soil application @ 2kg/ha also recorded 14.33 q/ha grain, while it was at equal level of significance with soil application of Trichoderma @ 3 Kg/ha (13.94 q/ha). Dual application i.e. seed treatment and soil application 4g + 2 kg/FYM and seed treatment with Thiram + Carbendazim + Trichoderma (3 + 1 + 4 kg) proved to be effective in recording the higher grain yield with maximum diseases reduction. Seed treatment with Thiram + Carbendazim + Trichoderma (3 +1 +4 g/kg) also recorded ICBR 1:31 with maximum net return i.e. Rs.3905/ha followed by seed treatment of Trichoderma @ 4 g/kg + 50 kg FYM/ha. i.e. Rs.3278/ha.Keywords:
Thiram
Trichoderma
Seed treatment
Collar rot
Root rot
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The pooled analysed data of year revealed that treatment T9 (50% Nitrogen + Azospirillum treatment) recorded the high seed yield (1685 kg/ha) followed by T10 (100% nitrogen + Azospirillum + Azatobacterseed treatment) seed yield (1656 kg/ha) but difference was at par (Table 1). Same trend of yield was found in treatment T8 (50% N + Azatobacter seed treatment) and T3 (100% N + Azospirillum seed treatment) seed yield 1646 kg/ha and 1627 kg/ha, respectively. Lowest seed yield (785 kg/ha) was obtained in T1 (control).
Helianthus annuus
Seed treatment
Biofertilizer
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Bhendi (Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench) is an annual vegetable crop grown from seed in tropical and sub-tropical parts of the world. India is the largest producer of bhendi in the world. In India during 2004, the total production was about 40.33 lakh tones of green fruits were produced from 4.31 lakh ha and 1.81 lakh tones of green fruits were produced from 13484 ha in Karnataka (Anon, 2004). Organic manure alone may not be enough to meet the nutritional requirement of crop in intensive cropping system. Thus, a suitable organic matter with chemical fertilizers may help in improving the fertility, productivity and physical condition of soil. The experiment was conducted in the Division of Horticulture, University of Agricultural Sciences, GKVK, Bangalore in bhendi var. Arka Anamika. There were 12 treatments in three replications. The treatment comprises of T 1 - 100% RDF (125: 75: 62.5 kg NPK/ha) + FYM (25 t/ha), T 2 - 75% RDF + FYM (25 t/ha), T 3 - 75% RDF + FYM (25 t/ha) + BF (10 kg/ ha), T 4 - 75% RDF + Vermicompost (4 t/ha) + BF (10 kg/ha), T 5 - 75% RDF + Vermicompost (4 t/ha) + Neem cake (1 t/ha), T 6 - 75% RDF + Vermicompost (4 t/ha) + Neem cake (1 t/ha) + BF (10 kg/ha), T 7 50% RDF + FYM (25 t/ha), T 8 - 50% RDF + FYM (25 t/ha) + BF (10 kg/ha), T 9 - FYM (25 t/ha) + BF (10 kg/ ha), T 10 - Vermicompost (4 t/ha), T 11 - Vermicompost (4 t/ha) + Neem cake (1 t/ha), T 12 - Vermicompost (4 t/ha) + BF (10 kg/ha). BF (microbial – consortium) = Azotobacter @ 2.5 kg/ ha, phosphobactor @ 2.5 kg/ha, Trichoderma @ 2.5 kg/ha and VAM fungi (Glomus leptotichum) @ 2.5 kg/ha (1 kg of BF/ ton of compost). The standard cultural practices recommended for the crop was followed for all the experimental plots. The growth parameters were recorded and the data were recorded and were subjected to statistical analysis.
Abelmoschus
Neem cake
Nutrient Management
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The result of the study indicated significantly higher grain (3707 and 3503 kg/ha) and stover (8120 and 7743 kg/ha) yields with application of 120 and 90 kg N/ha, respectively. The grain yield of 3674 kg/ha was recorded with vermicompost @ 1.5 t/ha. Use of 120 kg N/ha topped the list by recording remarkably higher protein (11.41 %) and oil (4.06 %) in grain, while vermicompost @ 1.5 t/ha recorded the highest protein (11.48 %) and oil content (4.06 %) in grain, but it was at par with 1.0 t/ha vermicompost. Significantly higher uptake of N (71.74 kg/ha), P2O5 (10.00 kg /ha) and K2O (13.147 kg /ha) by grain and N (56.62 kg/ha), P2O5 (6.14 kg /ha) and K2O (59.59 kg /ha) by stover was recorded by application of nitrogen @ 120 kg/ha, while higher uptake of N (69.93 kg/ha), P2O5 (9.77 kg/ha) and K2O (13.04 kg/ha) by grain and N (55.98 kg/ha), P2O5 (6.12 kg/ha) and K2O (58.70 kg/ha) by stover was recorded by application of vermicompost @ 1.5 t/ha.
Stover
Pennisetum
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Evaluation of ethoprophos, phorate, sebufos, HOE 388 and benfurocarb each @3 and 6 kg/ha compared with carbofuran @ 3 kg/ha for the control of root-knot nematodes in infested tomato nursery indicated that none of the nematicides applied suppressed seed germination. Sebufos @3 kg/ha recorded maximum seed germination. Carbofuran @3 kg/ha gave maximum seedling height closely followed by sebufos and ethoprophos @3 kg/ha. However, production of transplantable and total seedlings was significantly more in ethoprophos @6 kg/ha followed by sebufos @3 & 6 kg/ha, ethoprophos @3 kg/ha and benfurocarb @6 kg/ha than the other treatments. Sebufos @3 and 6 kg/ha recorded significantly less root-knot index, next being ethoprophos @3 and 6 kg/ha. From overall observations, sebufos (Rugby 10G) even applied @3 kg/ha gave good growth of seedlings and thereby produced more numbers of transplantable seedlings with least root-knot disease.
Carbofuran
Phorate
Seed treatment
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Root/collar rot is a destructive disease of soybean in India. Seed treatment and soil applications with fungicides, bioagents and its combinations were found effective in reducing the root/collar rot disease incidence in the pot and field conditions and increased grain yield. In pot experiment,seed treatment with Thiram +carbendazim (2+1 g kg -sup;1) was effective in reducing root/collar rot disease followed by Thirarn (3 g kg sup;1) and Thiram +T.viride (1.5+ 4 g kg sup;1) showing 50.43,45.38,and 41.29 percent disease reduction and maximum germination were also recorded in the same treatments. Under field experiment, seed treatment with carbendazim + Thiram (1+2 g kg sup;1) was effective in reducing root/collar rot disease followed by Thiram (3 g kg sup;1), carbendazim (1 g kg sup;1) and soil application of Trichoderma viride + T. harzianum (1+1 kg ha sup;1), showing 74. 64, 72.81, 66.65 and 66.00 per cent disease reduction. Highest grain yield i.e. 1808 kg ha sup;1 in soil application of T. viride + T. harzianum (1 + 1 kg ha sup;1), was recorded as compared to 1298 kg ha sup;1 in check. Highest seed weight per plant (8.65 g) and 100 seed weight (14.75 g) were also recorded in the same treatment.
Thiram
Seed treatment
Root rot
Collar rot
Trichoderma viride
Trichoderma harzianum
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Oat (Avena sativa L.) is used as a green fodder, straw, hay or silage. A field experiment was carried out during 2008-2009 with the concept of integrated nutrient management at Aurawan Research Centre of CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow. The treatments of the experiments were T1- Control, T2- NPK (80:40:40 kg ha-1), T3- ½ NPK (40:20:20 kg ha-1) + FYM (10 t ha-1), T4- ½ NPK + FYM (10 t ha-1) + Trichoderma, T5- ½ NPK + FYM (10 t ha-1) + PSB and T6- ½ NPK + FYM (10 t ha-1) + Trichoderma + PSB with 4 replications in randomized block design (RBD). Results indicated that all the treatment showed significant response over control. Maximum plant height at 120 days (157.7 cm), tillersplant-1 at 90 days (6.4), length of spike (38.7 cm), test weight (28.6 g), grain yield (34.9 q ha-1), straw yield (82.8 q ha-1) were recorded with T2- NPK (80:40:40 kg ha-1) which was significantly higher than all the treatments except T3- ½ NPK (40:20:20 kg ha-1) + FYM (10 t ha-1) and T4- ½ NPK + FYM (10 t ha-1) + Trichoderma, followed by treatment T6- ½ NPK + FYM (10 t ha-1) + Trichoderma + PSB showing the value of plant height at 120 days (154.8 cm), tillers/plant at 90 days (6.3), length of spike (37.6 cm), test weight (28.3 g), grain yield (33.1 q ha-1) and straw yield (81.1 q ha-1). Seed treatment with PSB (T5) also responded significantly over control in all the parameters and remained at par with T2 and T6. However, combined seed treatment with PSB + Trichoderma (T6) was much effective in comparison to single inoculation of Trichoderma or PSB.
Avena
Test weight
Trichoderma
Fodder
Sodic soil
Nutrient Management
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The present experiment was carried out with cauliflower var. Snow Crown in randomized block design with three replications. The experiment comprised of eleven different treatment combinations of five different sources of nutrients including organic, inorganic and biofertilizers alone in combinations were applied following the proper procedure as per the treatments. The experimental findings revealed that the treatment T11 (Half dose of NPK/ha + Vermicompost @ 2.5 tonnes/ha + Azospirillium @ 5 kg/ha + Vesicular Arbascular Mycorrhiza @ 5 kg/ha) showed better response to plant growth and its attributes and quality. However, maximum yield 269.33 q/ha and 267.02 q/ha were obtained with the application of half dose of NPK/ha + Vermicompost @ 2.5 tonnes/ha + Azospirillium @ 5 kg/ha + Vesicular Arbascular Mycorrhiza @ 5 kg/ha followed by T9 (Half dose of NPK/ha + Vermicompost @ 2.5 tonnes/ha + Azospirillium @ 5 kg/ha). On the basis of economic analysis, maximum cost: benefit ratio (3.18 and 3.05) was recorded with the application of half dose of NPK/ha + FYM @ 15 tonnes/ha + Azospirillium @ 5 kg/ha + Vesicular Arbascular Mycorrhiza @ 5 kg/ha (T7) during 2009–10 and 2010–11, respectively and this treatment combination was found most beneficial and feasible for cultivation of cauliflower.
Biofertilizer
Tonne
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Effect of different herbicides on growth and yield attributes and seed cotton yield inhirsutumcotton
A field experiment was conducted during kharif seasons of 2012 and 2014 at C. S. Azad University of Agriculture & Technology, Kanpur to study the effect of different uses of herbicides on growth and yield attributes and seed cotton yield in hirsutum cotton. Data indicated that application of pendimethalin @ 1 kg a. i./ha as PE+quizalofopethyl @ 50 g a. i./ha 30 DAS+one hoeing 50 DAS and weed free plot improved significantly all the growth and yield attributing characters over weedy check. Weed free check plot produced significantly highest seed cotton yield (1311 kg/ha) and lint yield (442 kg/ha) than weedy check. Herbicidal application of pendimethalin @ 1 kg a. i./ha as PE+Quizalofopethyl @ 50 g a. i./ha 30 DAS+one hoeing 50 DAS was found next best treatment of producing significantly higher seed cotton yield (1157 kg/ha) and lint yield (357 kg/ha) than weedy check (514 kg/ha) and (174 kg/ha) seed cotton yield and lint yield, respectively. Lowest dry weight (3.98 g/m2) of weeds was recorded with direct spray of glyphosate 45% SL @ 1 kg a. i./ha. Higher weed control efficiency (83.3%) was recorded with direct spray of glyphosate 45% SL @ 1 kg a. i./ha followed by pendimethalin @ 1 kg a. i./ha as PE+quizalofopethyl @ 50 g a. i./ha 30 DAS+one hoeing 50 DAS (63.5%). Highest net returns (Rs. 19824/ha) and B: C ratio (1.56) were obtained with herbicidal application of pendimethalin @ 1 kg a. i./ha as PE+quizalofopethyl @ 50 g a. i./ha 30 DAS+one hoeing 50 DAS.
Pendimethalin
Kharif crop
Lint
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Results indicated that green manuring + neem cake @ 10 q/ha + seed treatment by Trichoderma viridi @ 4g/kg seed gave the highest germination (97.9%), lowest plant mortality (7.3%) and highest seed yield (3.47 kg/plot) of table pea. It was followed by seed treatment + soil treatment with T. viride @ 1 kg mixed with 20 kg FYM for soil treatment and 4g/kg seed treatment with T. viride gave 94.3% germination, 11.7% plant mortality and seed yield of 3.03 kg/plot. There was no significant difference in treatment such as green manuring + seed treatment by T. viride @ 4g/kg seed and green mannuring + neem cake @ 10.0 q/ha. While the application of only neem cake @ 10.0 q/ha and farmer's practice of seed treatment by thiram @ 2g/kg seed were on par.
Trichoderma viride
Seed treatment
Thiram
Wilt disease
Non-invasive ventilation
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Field experiments were conducted during kharif seasons on 7th and 10th July of 2010 and 2011 respectively to find out suitable nutrient management practices for blackgram varieties at farmer's field at Humerhedi, Kota district. The treatments consisted of 5 blackgram varieties (viz. PU 31, PU 30, KU 96-3, T 9 and Krishna) and 9 nutrient management practices (viz. T1: No application of NP, T2: P (17.2 kg/ha as farmer's practice), T3: NP (20:17.2 kg/ha as RDF), T4: RDF+16.6 kg K/ha, T5: RDF+16.6 kg K+20 kg S/ha, T6: RDF+16.6 kg K+20 kg S+3 kg Zn/ha, T7: RDF+16.6 kg K+20 kg S+3 kg Zn/ha + Rhizobium, T8: RDF+16.6 kg K+20 kg S+3 kg Zn/ha+Rhizobium (RZ) +Phosphate solubilizing bacteria (PSB) and T9: RDF+16.6 kg K+20 kg S+3 kg Zn/ha + RZ + PSB + 5 t FYM/ha. Application of RDF + 16.6 kg K + 20 kg S + 3 kg Zn /ha along with seed inoculation with Rhizobium + PSB recorded significantly taller plants, higher number of branches/plant, pods/plant, higher seed yield, net return and benefit: cost ratio over control, farmer practice, RDF, RDF + 16.6 kg K/ha and RDF + 16.6 kg K/ha+20 kg S/ha but at par with rest of treatments viz. RDF+16.6 kg K+20 kg S+3 kg Zn/ha + Rhizobium,RDF+16.6 kg K+20 kg S+3 kg Zn/ha+Rhizobium + Phosphate solubilizing bacteria and RDF+16.6 kg K+20 kg S+3 kg Zn/ha + RZ + PSB + 5 t FYM/ha. Whereas application of RDF + 16.6 kg K + 20 kg S + 3 kg Zn/ha + Rhizobium + PSB + 5 t FYM/ha significantly recorded higher available organic carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, sulphur and zinc contents in the soil over rest of the treatments. Among the genotypes, 'KU 96-3' recorded significantly higher branches/plant, pods/plant, seeds/pod, seed index, seed yield, net return and B: C ratio.
Nutrient Management
Kharif crop
Phosphate solubilizing bacteria
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