Integrated assessment of volatile organic compounds from industrial biomass boilers in China: emission characteristics, influencing factors, and ozone formation potential
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Biomass is a suitable alternative to be used as fuel, but the use of biomass without prior processing can cause respiratory disease. In Indragiri Hilir Regency, the utilization of palm fruit skin waste is still minimal. Bio-pellet is a fuel derived from biomass waste that has gone through a densification process. The process of making bio-pellets is carried out by refining the raw materials, mixing the adhesives, printing the raw materials that are pressed under high pressure, and drying. The results of the research on the bio-pellet characteristic test of Nipah fruit peel waste according to its parameters obtained an average value of 1.28% water content, 0.51% ash content, 21.3% flying substance content, 76.88% bound carbon content and weight. type 1.41 gr / cm3. For the combustion test in the updraft type gasification furnace with the addition of 0.5kg, 0.3kg and 0.2kg of fuel, the results obtained from the rate of fuel consumption are 0.041kg / minute, 0.033kg / minute and 0.033kg respectively. /minute. In the results of combustion efficiency, the value according to SNI 7926: 2013 is the addition of 0.5kg of fuel at the beginning of ignition and 0.2 kg at the end of ignition, which is 0.04.
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Wood pellets as low-emitting residential biofuel Maria Olsson Department of Chemical Environmental Science Chalmers University of Technology ABSTRACT Softwood pellet fuel is increasingly used as a residential fuel in Sweden, mainly replacing petroleum oil and firewood. Today, the annual small-scale use of wood pellets amounts to more than 145 000 tonnes. The increased use is supported by environmental and ecotoxicological arguments in favour of reserving pellets of pure trunk wood for residential use. Pellets of other biomass and waste should be burnt in large -scale combustion plants with flue-gas purification. Even though wood pellet fuel is an environmentally advantageous residential biofuel with low emissions to air, it is very important to examine the emissions. This includes both assessing the compound composition of the smoke and finding methods for minimising the emission of environmental and health hazardous compounds. The organic content of the smoke from the combustion of wood pellets was therefore analysed by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry as the main analytical method. Softwood pellets from three different Swedish manufacturers were burnt in laboratory experiments, and the organic components of the smoke were analysed. The experiments were designed to simulate incomplete combustion in a pellet burner or a pellet stove. It was clear that the combustion conditions greatly affected the content of the smoke, but also that different pellet brands gave rise to similar emissions. The organic substances found during flaming combustion of pellets were mainly 2-methoxyphenols with antioxidant properties. Benzene was, however, predominant during glowing combustion. Chimney emissions were studied for residential burners, stoves and a boiler. The smoke samples were collected in the chimney outlet during normal operation of the burning appliance. Organic compounds in the smoke were studied in combination with other smoke characteristics. Phenolic antioxidants were present in the smoke from the pellet stoves and the boiler, but almost absent in smoke from the pellet burners. The carcinogenic hydrocarbon benzene was also emitted, and benzene was the major aromatic compound in the smoke samples from the pellet burners. The results emphasise the importance of measuring not only the total amount of emitted organic carbon (OGC), but also the specific organic substances emitted during the combustion phases. The emissions from wood pellet embers were more thoroughly analysed and compared to those from glowing charcoal and birchwood embers. The remainders of wood pellets after flaming burning have characteristics resembling those of glowing charcoal. Benzene was the predominant aromatic compound emitted, whereas methane, ethene and ethyne were prominent among the volatile hydrocarbons.Softwood pellet fuel is increasingly used as a residential fuel in Sweden, mainly replacing petroleum oil and firewood. Today, the annual small-scale use of wood pellets amounts to more than 145 000 tonnes. The increased use is supported by environmental and ecotoxicological arguments in favour of reserving pellets of pure trunk wood for residential use. Pellets of other biomass and waste should be burnt in large -scale combustion plants with flue-gas purification. Even though wood pellet fuel is an environmentally advantageous residential biofuel with low emissions to air, it is very important to examine the emissions. This includes both assessing the compound composition of the smoke and finding methods for minimising the emission of environmental and health hazardous compounds. The organic content of the smoke from the combustion of wood pellets was therefore analysed by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry as the main analytical method. Softwood pellets from three different Swedish manufacturers were burnt in laboratory experiments, and the organic components of the smoke were analysed. The experiments were designed to simulate incomplete combustion in a pellet burner or a pellet stove. It was clear that the combustion conditions greatly affected the content of the smoke, but also that different pellet brands gave rise to similar emissions. The organic substances found during flaming combustion of pellets were mainly 2-methoxyphenols with antioxidant properties. Benzene was, however, predominant during glowing combustion. Chimney emissions were studied for residential burners, stoves and a boiler. The smoke samples were collected in the chimney outlet during normal operation of the burning appliance. Organic compounds in the smoke were studied in combination with other smoke characteristics. Phenolic antioxidants were present in the smoke from the pellet stoves and the boiler, but almost absent in smoke from the pellet burners. The carcinogenic hydrocarbon benzene was also emitted, and benzene was the major aromatic compound in the smoke samples from the pellet burners. The results emphasise the importance of measuring not only the total amount of emitted organic carbon (OGC), but also the specific organic substances emitted during the combustion phases. The emissions from wood pellet embers were more thoroughly analysed and compared to those from glowing charcoal and birchwood embers. The remainders of wood pellets after flaming burning have characteristics resembling those of glowing charcoal. Benzene was the predominant aromatic compound emitted, whereas methane, ethene and ethyne were prominent among the volatile hydrocarbons.
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Abstract Industrial biomass boilers (IBBs) are widely promoted in China as a type of clean energy. However, they emit large amount of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and the emission characteristics and the underlying factors are largely unknown due to the sampling difficulties. In this study, three wood pellet-fueled and two wood residue-fueled IBBs were selected to investigate the characteristics of VOCs emissions and to discover their underlying impacting factors. The emission factor of VOCs varied from 21.6 ± 2.8 mg/kg to 286.2 ± 10.8 mg/kg for the IBBs. Oxygenated VOCs (OVOCs) were the largest group, contributing to 30.3%-73.6% of the VOCs emissions. Significant differences were revealed in the VOCs source profiles between wood pellet-fueled and wood residue-fueled IBBs. Operating load, excess air, furnace temperature and fuel type were identified as the primary factors influencing VOCs emissions. The excess air coefficient should be limited below 3.5, roughly corresponding to the operating load of 62% and furnace temperature of 630 °C, to effectively reduce VOCs emissions. VOCs emissions also showed great differences in different combustion phases, with the ignition phase having much greater VOCs emissions than the stable combustion and the ember phases. The ozone formation potential (OFP) ranged from 4.3 mg/m 3 to 31.2 mg/m 3 for the IBBs, and the wood residue-fueled IBBs yielded higher OFP than the wood pellet-fueled ones. This study underscored the importance of OVOCs in IBB emissions, and reducing OVOCs emissions should be prioritized in formulating control measures to mitigate their impacts on the atmospheric environment and human health.
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Abstract Wood pellets on the German pellet market mainly consist of spruce wood, but other wood species are increasingly used during pellet production. Moreover, additives such as starch or kaolin can be added to improve fuel quality and combustion behavior. Consequently, wood pellets vary in their physical and chemical properties and this variation might affect combustion behavior in stoves and boilers. In this study, eight different wood species were used for pellet production at the Technology and Support Centre (TFZ). Three types of starch and one type of kaolin were added to spruce wood without bark, using two additivation levels (starch: 0.5 w-% and 1.8 w-%, kaolin: 0.17 and 0.34 w-%). All pellet assortments were analyzed according to international standards for solid biofuels and additional methods. Fuels were combusted in a 6-kW pellet stove and a 15-kW pellet boiler. Selection of wood species had a significant impact on CO emissions for the pellet stove ranging between 85 and 4189 mg/m 3 and on TPM emissions ranging between 23 and 263 mg/m 3 . Similar combustion behavior was observed for the pellet boiler but on a lower emission level. Kaolin reduced CO and TPM emissions as well as slag formation when the additivation level was set according to stoichiometric calculations. When kaolin was overdosed, it had a negative impact on TPM emissions mainly in the pellet boiler, probably due to entrainment. Regarding particles from incomplete combustion, a negative impact of overdosed kaolin was observed. Overall, at the current state of the art, the pellet stove showed larger sensitivity towards variable pellet qualities compared to the automatic pellet boiler. This calls for further improvements in fuel design and stove technology.
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The combustion of pellets in small stoves is a complex issue in which many factors must be considered. The University of Vigo has developed a 24 kWt fixed bed stove pilot plant for studying pellet combustion in which different configurations and operational conditions can be tested. An extensive experimental study using the statistical analysis approach is presented. Analyses of the main control factors involved in the performance of stoves of this kind and their optimization are also presented, including preheating of air, secondary air supply and gas recirculation. The influence of air and pellet feeding rates and stove temperature as part of a group of energy and environmental variables is analyzed in detail. The study establishes that the use of secondary air and, especially, the recirculation of gases considerably reduce CO emissions. Keywords: combustionrecirculationstatistical analysis and stoveswood pellets Acknowledgments The authors acknowledge support from the project REN2003-08264-C03-01. Notes a Geometric method.
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Methyl vinyl ketone
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As important precursors of near-surface ozone, secondary organic aerosols (SOAs), and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) play an important role in photochemical reactions and fine particle formation. In this study, real-time VOCs were measured continuously by Syntech Spectras GC955 analyzers at the regional background site of the North China Plain from September 1 to 27, 2017. The VOC concentration levels, compositions, spatiotemporal variations, and the ozone formation potential during the observation period were investigated. The potential sources of initial VOCs indicated from the diagnostic ratios were further studied. The averaged total mixing ratio of VOCs was 12.53×10-9. Among all measured VOC species, alkanes were the most abundant species, which accounted for 65.3% of the total concentrations, followed by alkenes (26.7%) and aromatics (6.5%). In addition, the total OH radical loss rate of VOCs (L·OH) was 5.2 s-1. In particular, the contribution of C4-C5 alkenes to L·OH was as high as 61%, followed by C2-C3 alkenes, with a 12.8% contribution of L·OH. The average ozone formation potential of VOCs was 36.5×10-9. Among all the measured VOC species, alkenes were the most abundant species, which accounted for 71.2%. Among alkenes, the contribution of C4-C5 alkenes was the most prominent. Although the concentration of alkanes in Shangdianzi was much higher than other VOC species, the ozone formation potential was lower. Diagnostic ratios and source implications suggested that Shangdianzi was affected mainly by biomass/biofuel/coal burning, with substantially elevated benzene levels during the observation period, whereas a slight influence of traffic-related emissions was observed.
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