Influence of wood species and additives on emission behavior of wood pellets in a residential pellet stove and a boiler
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Abstract Wood pellets on the German pellet market mainly consist of spruce wood, but other wood species are increasingly used during pellet production. Moreover, additives such as starch or kaolin can be added to improve fuel quality and combustion behavior. Consequently, wood pellets vary in their physical and chemical properties and this variation might affect combustion behavior in stoves and boilers. In this study, eight different wood species were used for pellet production at the Technology and Support Centre (TFZ). Three types of starch and one type of kaolin were added to spruce wood without bark, using two additivation levels (starch: 0.5 w-% and 1.8 w-%, kaolin: 0.17 and 0.34 w-%). All pellet assortments were analyzed according to international standards for solid biofuels and additional methods. Fuels were combusted in a 6-kW pellet stove and a 15-kW pellet boiler. Selection of wood species had a significant impact on CO emissions for the pellet stove ranging between 85 and 4189 mg/m 3 and on TPM emissions ranging between 23 and 263 mg/m 3 . Similar combustion behavior was observed for the pellet boiler but on a lower emission level. Kaolin reduced CO and TPM emissions as well as slag formation when the additivation level was set according to stoichiometric calculations. When kaolin was overdosed, it had a negative impact on TPM emissions mainly in the pellet boiler, probably due to entrainment. Regarding particles from incomplete combustion, a negative impact of overdosed kaolin was observed. Overall, at the current state of the art, the pellet stove showed larger sensitivity towards variable pellet qualities compared to the automatic pellet boiler. This calls for further improvements in fuel design and stove technology.Keywords:
Pellet
Stove
Wood fuel
Combustibility
Solid fuel
Stove
Wood fuel
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Residential burning of solid fuels is a major source of fine particulate matter (PM2.5), which degrades indoor and ambient air quality in low-income settlements. The adverse impact of fine particulate emissions on the environment and human health is well-documented in other countries such as China and India; however, there is need for local studies to report on emission factors from residential burning of solid fuels. An emission factor quantifies the total mass of a pollutant emitted per amount of fuel burned. Emission factor is an input parameter in air quality modelling to forecast a pollutant concentrations over time and when calculating total emissions from a specific source. Local emission factors are central to managing air quality for they give results that are representative of the source compared with international emission factors. Quantifying emissions, understanding household fuel use patterns and interaction with the stove (stove operation behaviour) during a burning event is fundamental when designing emission control strategies. The aim of the study is to quantify fine particulate matter emissions from residential coal burning using systematic field measurements. The objectives of the study are (i) to characterize stove operation behavior effect on the emissions and (ii) to quantify PM2.5 emission factors using field measurements. Isokinetic (2015) and direct (2014) stack sampling tests were done to observe how PM emissions profiles change with stove operation behavior and to quantify PM2.5 emitted per kilogram of fuel burned. Fine PM emission profiles change with stove operation behavior with an emission factor ranging 6.8 g.kg-1 and 13.5 g.kg-1. The study results implies that residential coal burning is a major source of fine particulate matter in the residential area. As demonstrated that stove operation behaviour affect stove to fuel combination emissions; it is therefore suggested that those factors leading to increase emissions should be kept minimum.
Stove
Solid fuel
Emission inventory
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Solid fuel cooking stoves have been used as primary energy sources for residential cooking and heating activities throughout human history. It has been estimated that domestic combustion of solid fuels makes a considerable contribution to global greenhouse gas (GHG) and pollutant emissions. The majority of data collected from simulated tests in laboratories does not accurately reflect the performance of stoves in actual use. This study characterizes in-field emissions of fine particulate matter (PM2.5), carbon dioxide (CO2), carbon monoxide (CO), methane (CH4), and total non-methane hydrocarbons (TNMHC) from residential cooking events with various fuel and stove types from villages in two provinces in China (Tibet and Yunnan) in the Himalayan area. Emissions of PM2.5 and gas-phase pollutant concentrations were measured directly and corresponding emission factors calculated using the carbon balance approach. Real-time monitoring of indoor PM2.5, CO2, and CO concentrations was conducted simultaneously. Major factors responsible for emission variance among and between cooking stoves are discussed.
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Solid fuel
Carbon fibers
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Emission factors of carbon monoxide (CO), particulate matter (PM2.5), organic carbon (OC), and elemental carbon (EC), as well as combustion efficiency and particle optical properties were measured during 37 uncontrolled cooking tests of residential stoves in Yunnan Province, China. Fuel mixtures included coal, woody biomass, and agricultural waste. Compared to previously published emission measurements of similar stoves, these measurements have higher CO and PM2.5 emission factors. Real-time data show two distinct burn phases: a devolatilization phase after fuel addition with high PM2.5 emissions and a solid-fuel combustion phase with low PM2.5 emissions. The average emission factors depend on the relative contributions of these phases, which are affected by the services provided by the stoves. Differences in stove and fuel characteristics that are not represented in emission inventories affect the variability of emission factors much more than do the type of solid fuel or stove. In developing inventories with highly variable sources such as residential solid-fuel combustion, we suggest that (1) all fuels should be accounted for, not just the primary fuel; (2) the household service provided should be emphasized rather than specific combinations of solid fuels and devices; and (3) the devolatilization phase should be explicitly measured and represented.
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Carbon fibers
Emission inventory
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This study examined measures of clean cookstove adoption after improved solid fuel stove programmes in three geographically and culturally diverse rural Andean settings and explored factors associated with these measures. A questionnaire was administered to 1200 households on stove use and cooking behaviours including previously defined factors associated with clean cookstove adoption. Logistic multivariable regressions with 16 pre-specified explanatory variables were performed for three outcomes; (1) daily improved solid fuel stove use, (2) use of liquefied petroleum gas stove and (3) traditional stove displacement. Eighty-seven percent of households reported daily improved solid fuel stove use, 51% liquefied petroleum gas stove use and 66% no longer used the traditional cookstove. Variables associated with one or more of the three outcomes are: education, age and civil status of the reporting female, household wealth and size, region, encounters of problems with the improved solid fuel stove, knowledge of somebody able to build an improved solid fuel stove, whether stove parts are obtainable in the community, and subsidy schemes. We conclude that to be successful, improved solid fuel stove programmes need to consider (1) existing household characteristics, (2) the household's need for ready access to maintenance and repair, and (3) improved knowledge at the community level.
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Liquefied petroleum gas
Solid fuel
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Stove
Solid fuel
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The use of rudimentary cooking stoves has harmful consequences not only for the health of users but also for the environment. Faced with these problems, studies are being carried out to develop more efficient stoves. The materials used for the construction and/or design of cooker range from heavy materials to light materials. However, cookers built from heavy materials accumulate a portion of the heat produced in their walls. The objective of this study is to demonstrate the influence of thermal mass on the fuel consumption of cookers. The study concerns not only a set of stoves taken from the literature but also a set of stoves that we tested. The two sets of stoves differ in terms of their characteristics: Single-pot wood stove without chimney or skirt, Single-pot wood stove without chimney with skirt, Multi-pot wood stove with chimney, Single-pot charcoal stove without chimney or skirt, etc. The adapted approach consists of classifying all stoves by category. Then, for each category, the mass of the cookers as well as the quantity of fuel necessary for the same cooking task will be compared. It appears that for all the stoves taken from the literature and all the stoves submitted to the test, in each of the categories, the higher the mass of the stove, the more fuel it consumes for the same cooking task.
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Biomass fuels
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A Pellet stove is Mechanical Device which uses compressed wood or biomass pellets to create a source of heat for residential and industrial spaces [6].These stoves are electronically sophisticated appliances that offer an environmentally friendly and low-cost heating option.Its Fuel consists of wood chips, waste of nuts, grasses, and lumber yard waste.The Pellets which are filled in the combustion chamber is then ignited [3].Pellets are heavily compressed, so they're dense and low in moisture, creating a hotter flame.The combustion chamber serves as the carburettor for the stove, mixing the air and fuel to create combustion.The ashes from the burnt pellets are captured in an ash pot, which needs to be cleaned periodically.Wood pellet stoves are generally small, and the bags of pellets are about the size of a mulch bag, making them easy to store.They're also easy to operate; they only require loading pellets and igniting the flame.Because the fire is contained in a heat box inside the unit, there is a minimum of smoke, which lessens the smell in your home and prevents the outside of the unit from heating up.Pellets create considerably less ash than firewood [5], giving off less creosote, a flammable by product of combustion that can build up and cause chimney fires.
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Pellet
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Many people in China still burn low grade solid fuels in traditional stoves to meet their cooking and heating energy demands. This results in significant pollution, affecting the health of especially women and children who are exposed most. The mode of energy consumption and types of stoves in use may change with increasing prosperity. Product specific and socio-economic parameters also influence these choices. We analyze cooking fuel and stove choices in China. Choices are modeled to depend on standard economic variables such as income, technology costs, and fuel prices, along with some variables unique to the developing country setting such as inconvenience costs. Our analysis shows that 24% of the rural and 17% of the urban population will still depend on solid fuels in 2030 under a business as usual scenario. Various policy scenarios that can accelerate transition to modern fuels by 2030 are also analyzed in this paper and their costs, energy, emissions and health impacts assessed.
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Solid fuel
Prosperity
Consumption
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Understanding how fuels and stoves are used to meet a diversity of household needs is an important step in addressing the factors leading to continued reliance on polluting devices, and thereby improving household energy programs. In Nepal and many other countries dependent on solid fuel, efforts to mitigate the impacts of residential solid fuel use have emphasized cooking while focusing less on other solid fuel dependent end-uses. We employed a four-season fuel assessment in a cohort of 110 households residing in two elevation regions of the Far-Western Development Region (Province 7) of Nepal. Household interviews and direct fuel weights were used to assess seasonality in fuel consumption and its association with stoves that met cooking and non-cooking needs. Per-capita fuel consumption in winter was twice that of other measured seasons, on average. This winter increase was attributed to greater prevalence of use and fuel consumption by supplemental stoves, not the main cooking stove. End-use profiles showed that fuel was used in supplemental stoves to meet the majority of non-meal needs in the home, notably water heating and preparation of animal food. This emphasis on fuels, stoves, and the satisfaction of energy needs—rather than just stoves or fuels—leads to a better understanding of the factors leading to device and fuel choice within households.
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Solid fuel
Consumption
Briquette
Demographics
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