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This chapter covers perspectives of membranes from a combination of both academic research and industrial development. Membrane separation is a nonequilibrium process and determined by both the physical and chemical properties of the mixtures to be separated as well as the membrane materials and membrane structures. Three types of membranes, including polymeric, inorganic, and polymeric/inorganic mixed-matrix membranes (MMMs), have been studied extensively in academia and industries for a wide range of potential applications. Polymeric membranes can be fabricated into many different geometries such as flat sheet that can form spiral wound membrane modules, tube, and hollow fiber. Inorganic membranes provide new separation opportunities such as high-temperature catalytic membrane reactor applications. Both polymeric and inorganic membranes have their unique advantages and some limitations. MMMs are developed to overcome the limitations of polymeric membranes and inorganic membranes and combine the advanced features of both membranes with the potential of being fabricated using polymeric membrane manufacturing process.Keywords:
Membrane Technology
Polymeric membrane
Synthetic membrane
This chapter contains sections titled: Membrane: Technology and Chemistry Characterization of Membranes Ceramic and Inorganic Polymer Membranes: Preparation, Characterization and Applications Supramolecular Membranes: Synthesis and Characterizations Organic Membranes and Polymers to Remove Pollutants Membranes for CO2 Separation Polymer Nanomembranes Liquid Membranes Recent Progress in Separation Technology Based on Ionic Liquid Membranes Membrane Distillation Alginate-based Films and Membranes: Preparation, Characterization and Applications
Characterization
Synthetic membrane
Membrane Technology
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Synthetic membrane
Polymeric membrane
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Synthetic membrane
Membrane reactor
Polymeric membrane
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Natural gas can contain significant amounts of impurifies, including CO2, H2S, N2, He, and C3+ hydrocarbons. These C3+ hydrocarbons are valuable chemical feedstocks and can be used as a liquid fuel for power generation. Membrane-based separation technologies have recently emerged as an economically favorable alternative due to reduced capital and operating cost. Polymeric membranes for the separation and removal of C3+ hydrocarbons from natural gas have been practiced in chemical and petrochemical industries. Therefore, these industries can benefit from membranes with improved C3+ hydrocarbon separation. This chapter overviews the different gas processing technologies for C3+ hydrocarbon separation and recovery from natural gas, highlighting the advantages, research and industrial needs, and challenges in developing highly efficient polymer-based membranes. More specifically, this chapter summarizes the removal of C3H8 and C4H10 from CH4 by prospective polymer architectures based on reverse-selective glassy polymers, rubbery polymers, and its hybrid mixed matrix membranes. In addition, the effect of testing conditions and gas compositions on the membrane permeation properties (permeability and selectivity) is reviewed.
Petrochemical
Membrane Technology
Synthetic membrane
Polymeric membrane
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Abstract Separation by membranes in chemical and allied industries has been of prime importance in the last few decades because of its low energy requirement and environment friendly process. In the last two decades, there has been significant development of this novel separation technology in academic research and industrial applications. Several new membranes such as new kinds of thin film composite membranes, nanocomposite membranes, metal–organic framework membranes, mixed matrix membranes, polyelectrolyte membranes, graphene and carbon nanotube‐based membranes, polymer inclusion membranes, and new kinds of liquid membranes have been developed for applications in reverse osmosis, nanofiltration, ultrafiltration, microfiltration, pervaporation, gas separation or facilitated transport with liquid membranes. Membranes based on functional polymers and composites of polymer and ceramic materials have shown significant improvement in flux, selectivity, or salt rejection. This article discusses elaborately on the basic principles of membrane separation, types of membranes/modules, synthesis, and characterization of new membrane materials with citation of recent works on this novel separation process.
Pervaporation
Nanofiltration
Membrane Technology
Ultrafiltration (renal)
Synthetic membrane
Thin-film composite membrane
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고분자 막은 다양한 응용분야에 적용되고 있다. 기존에 고분자 막은 옥외환경에 노출되지 않는 형태로 적용되어 왔으나 최근 대기환경 측정용도, 해수에서 유용금속 추출용 등의 옥외에 적용되는 고분자 막 시스템들이 보고되고 있다. 이에 옥외환경에서의 고분자 막의 특성 연구가 필요하게 되었으며 이러한 측면에서 촉진 자외선 노출 실험 및 이에 대한 영향 연구는 고분자 막의 내후성을 예측할 수 있는 정보를 제공할 수 있다. 본 연구에서는 폴리설폰 비대칭성 막과 폴리프로필렌 부직포 형태의 막에 대해 촉진 자외선 노출을 실시하고 이에 대한 열적, 기계적 특성, 몰폴로지, 그리고 색차변화 특성에 대한 영향을 보고한다. 실험 결과를 통해서 고분자 막의 자외선 노출에 대한 효과는 막 제조시 사용한 고분자 종류 뿐 만 아니라 막의 형태에도 영향을 받는다는 것을 확인하였다. 본 연구는 옥외용도에 적용하는 고분자막에 대한 중요한 정보를 제공할 수 있을 것으로 기대한다. Polymeric membranes have been used in various applications and generally applied to the systems prevented from exterior exposure. However, polymer membranes for outdoor usages such as, an air quality monitoring and membrane reservoirs for the selective recovery of useful metals from seawater, have been newly developed. Thus it is required to investigate the properties of the membrane for the outdoor use and also studies of the accelerated UV exposure onto the polymeric membranes are essential to estimate their weatherability. Herein, we report on the thermal and mechanical properties, morphology changes, and color differences of the polysulfone anisotropic membranes and non-woven type polypropylene membranes with the accelerated UV exposure. Results showed that the effect of UV exposure on the membrane depend not only on the polymer used but also on the form of the membrane. This work can provide some of key informations of the membrane for outdoor use.
Polysulfone
Polypropylene
Synthetic membrane
Polymeric membrane
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This chapter covers perspectives of membranes from a combination of both academic research and industrial development. Membrane separation is a nonequilibrium process and determined by both the physical and chemical properties of the mixtures to be separated as well as the membrane materials and membrane structures. Three types of membranes, including polymeric, inorganic, and polymeric/inorganic mixed-matrix membranes (MMMs), have been studied extensively in academia and industries for a wide range of potential applications. Polymeric membranes can be fabricated into many different geometries such as flat sheet that can form spiral wound membrane modules, tube, and hollow fiber. Inorganic membranes provide new separation opportunities such as high-temperature catalytic membrane reactor applications. Both polymeric and inorganic membranes have their unique advantages and some limitations. MMMs are developed to overcome the limitations of polymeric membranes and inorganic membranes and combine the advanced features of both membranes with the potential of being fabricated using polymeric membrane manufacturing process.
Membrane Technology
Polymeric membrane
Synthetic membrane
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In the preparation of asymmetric sulfonated polyether sulfone (SPES) membranes, the sulfonation of polyether sulfone (PES) was carried out by both a surface sulfonation method and a polymer sulfonation method. The resulting membranes, as well as ordinary PES membranes, were tested for the separation of 50% carbon dioxide and 50% methane gases mixtures, and their ion exchange capacities were also determined. Permeabilities and separation factors were determined for both types of membranes as function of solvent evaporation times varying from 2 to 6 minutes, casting temperatures varying from 60 to 100 °C, and in the case of polymer sulfonated membranes, permeabilities and separation factors were also determined as function of polymer concentrations varying from 15 to 25 wt%. Permeabilities obtained with surface-sulfonated membranes were not significantly higher than those observed for PES membranes, but the permeabilities for polymer-sulfonated membranes were significantly higher. Separation factors obtained with surface-sulfonated membranes were lower than those of PES membranes, and those of the polymer-sulfonated membranes were significantly higher. Ion exchange capacities obtained with surface-sulfonated membranes were not significantly higher than those of the PES membranes, but those of the polymer-sulfonated membranes were significantly higher.
Synthetic membrane
Sulfone
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This paper describes the relationship between structures of multicomponent polymer membranes and their permselectivity for organic liquid mixtures in pervaporation. The morphology of microphase separation in the multicomponent polymer membranes containing poly (dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) was quite different between block copolymer membranes and graft copolymer ones. The annealing of the block copolymer membranes resulted in dramatic changes in the morphology of their microphase separation, but that of the graft copolymer membranes did not. Their morphology strongly influenced the membrane permselectivity for organic liquid mixtures in pervaporation. This paper also focuses on simple surface modifications of membranes by polymer additives. Surface characteristics of polymer membranes were controlled by adding hydrophilic and hydrophobic copolymer additives. The permselectivity of the surface-modified membranes was improved without lowering their permeability by the simple surface modification. The addition of calixarene to microphase-separated membranes improved the permselectivity for volatile organic compounds in dilute aqueous solutions. Our results suggest a novel concept for designing the structure of multicomponent polymer membranes, that is, a method for controlling the permselectivity of pervaporation membranes.
Pervaporation
Synthetic membrane
Semipermeable membrane
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