An Updated Review of the Invasive <em>Aedes albopictus</em> in the Americas; Geographical Distribution, Host Feeding Patterns, Arbovirus Infection, and the Potential for Vertical Transmission of Dengue Virus
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The aim of the work was to update the distribution range of Aedes (Stegomyia) albopictus Skuse in the Americas, review the blood-feeding patterns and compare the minimum infection rate (MIR) of the dengue virus (DENV) between studies of vertical and horizontal transmission. The current dis-tribution of Ae. albopictus encompasses 21 countries in the Americas. Extensive review has been conducted for the blood-feeding patterns of Ae. albopictus. The results suggest that the mosquito is capable of feeding on 16 species of mammals and five species of avian. Humans, dogs, and rats are the most common host. Eight arboviruses with the potential to infect humans and animals have been isolated in Ae. albopictus. In the United States of America (USA), Eastern equine encephalitis virus, Keystone virus, La Crosse Virus, West Nile virus, and Cache Valley virus were isolated in the Asian mosquito. In Brazil, Mexico, Colombia, and Costa Rica, DENV (all serotypes) has been frequently identified in field-caught Ae. albopictus. Overall, the estimated MIR in Ae. albopictus infected with DENV is similar between horizontal (10.95) and vertical transmission (8.28). However, in vertical transmission, there is a difference in the MIR values if the DENV is identified from larvae or adults (males and females emerged from a collection of eggs or larvae). MIR es-timated from larvae is 14.04 and in adults is 4.04. In conclusion, it has to be highlighted that Ae. albopictus is an invasive mosquito with wide phenotypic plasticity to adapt to broad and new areas, it is highly efficient to transmit the DENV horizontally and vertically, it can participate in the inter-endemic transmission of the dengue disease, and it can spread zoonotic arboviruses across forest and urban settings.Keywords:
Aedes albopictus
Horizontal transmission
Over the last 50 years the Asian tiger mosquito Aedes (stegomyia) albopictus (Skuse) has spread to all continents in the old and new world. This anthropophilous species is able to adapt to most climates. Although long considered as a secondary disease vector, it has been shown to be competent for arbovirus transmission under laboratory conditions. In several locations that it has invaded, the tiger mosquito has played a major role in arbovirus transmission (dengue fever and chikungunya). A recent example is the outbreak of chikungunya on the Indian Ocean island of Reunion
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Journal Article Introduction and Establishment of Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) in Managua, Nicaragua Get access Alejandro Belli, Alejandro Belli 1 CIET-Nicaragua, Managua, Nicaragua. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Jorge Arostegui, Jorge Arostegui 1 CIET-Nicaragua, Managua, Nicaragua. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Jorge Garcia, Jorge Garcia 2 Dirección de Enfermedades Transmitidas por Vectores, Sistema Local de Atención Integral en Salud (SILAIS) Managua, Ministerio de Salud, Managua, Nicaragua. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Carlos Aguilar, Carlos Aguilar 2 Dirección de Enfermedades Transmitidas por Vectores, Sistema Local de Atención Integral en Salud (SILAIS) Managua, Ministerio de Salud, Managua, Nicaragua. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Emperatriz Lugo, Emperatriz Lugo 3 Dirección de Entomología Médica, Centro Nacional de Diagnóstico y Referencia, Ministerio de Salud, Managua, Nicaragua. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Damaris Lopez, Damaris Lopez 3 Dirección de Entomología Médica, Centro Nacional de Diagnóstico y Referencia, Ministerio de Salud, Managua, Nicaragua. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Sonia Valle, Sonia Valle 3 Dirección de Entomología Médica, Centro Nacional de Diagnóstico y Referencia, Ministerio de Salud, Managua, Nicaragua. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Mercedes Lopez, Mercedes Lopez 3 Dirección de Entomología Médica, Centro Nacional de Diagnóstico y Referencia, Ministerio de Salud, Managua, Nicaragua. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Eva Harris, Eva Harris 4 Division of Infections Diseases and Vaccinology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Josefina Coloma Josefina Coloma 5 4 Division of Infections Diseases and Vaccinology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720. 5 Corresponding author, e-mail: colomaj@berkeley.edu . Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Journal of Medical Entomology, Volume 52, Issue 4, July 2015, Pages 713–718, https://doi.org/10.1093/jme/tjv049 Published: 06 May 2015 Article history Received: 09 October 2014 Accepted: 11 March 2015 Published: 06 May 2015
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The primary vector at the origin of the 2007 outbreak in Libreville, Gabon is identified as Aedes albopictus, trapped around the nearby French military camp. The Chikungunya virus was isolated from mosquitoes and found to be identical to the A226V circulating human strain. This is the first field study showing the role of the recently arrived species Aedes albopictus in Chikungunya virus transmission in Central Africa, and it demonstrates this species' role in modifying the epidemiological presentation of Chikungunya in Gabon.
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The intensity and extent of transmission of arboviruses such as dengue, chikungunya, and Zika virus have increased markedly over the last decades. Autochthonous transmission of dengue and chikungunya by Aedes albopictus has been recorded in Southern Europe where the invasive mosquito was already established and viraemic travelers had imported the virus. Ae. albopictus populations are spreading northward into Germany. Here, we model the current and future climatically suitable regions for Ae. albopictus establishment in Germany, using climate data of spatially high resolution. To highlight areas where vectors and viraemic travellers are most likely to come into contact, reported dengue and chikungunya incidences are integrated at the county level. German cities with the highest likelihood of autochthonous transmission of Aedes albopictus-borne arboviruses are currently located in the western parts of the country: Freiburg im Breisgau, Speyer, and Karlsruhe, affecting about 0.5 million people. In addition, 8.8 million people live in regions considered to show elevated hazard potential assuming further spread of the mosquito: Baden-Württemberg (Upper Rhine, Lake Constance regions), southern parts of Hesse, and North Rhine-Westphalia (Lower Rhine). Overall, a more targeted and thus cost-efficient implementation of vector control measures and health surveillance will be supported by the detailed maps provided here.
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The risk of local transmission of chikungunya, dengue, and Zika viruses from viremic travelers arriving from affected areas is a real possibility in southern Europe, due to the large presence of the vector Aedes albopictus. The first chikungunya outbreak in Europe occurred in the Emilia-Romagna region, Italy, in 2007, prompting the regional public health department to implement an Ae. albopictus monitoring and control plan. This paper presents the procedure developed for the quality control of the data collected by the regional ovitrap monitoring network. The quality control procedure consists of four successive steps; the first step is data acquisition and the second is an automatic data processing step, while skilled technicians according to specific procedures perform the third and fourth steps by checking the exact position of the ovitraps and by conducting human landing collections, respectively. The paper also presents the results of this quality control procedure applied to the data collected through the large-scale Ae. albopictus monitoring operation performed in Emilia-Romagna in 2015.
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Togaviridae
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Aedes albopictus Skuse (Diptera:Culicidae) is a mosquito species of major importance involved in the transmission of several diseases (Dengue, Yellow Fever, Chikungunya, West Nile Fever). Ae. Albopictus is considered as the most efficient vector of Chikungunya virus and second for the dengue. This species has a high dispersal ability and is considered as an invasive species. Following the Chikungunya outbreak in 2006 at La Reunion island, the biology of Aedes albopictus is under investigation. The dispersal of male Ae aAlbopictus must be understood in a SIT programme in order to optimize the release of sterilized males using landscape ecology tools. (Resume d'auteur)
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Mosquito borne diseases including malaria, fi lariasis, dengue, chikungunya and various forms of encephalitis impose enormous menace to human as well as animals.These diseases cause large number of mortality and morbidity across the world.The principal strategy for combating these diseases is the vector control including the use of larvicide against the immature stages of mosquitoes.Use of essential oils as mosquito repellent has been recommended by various studies but their role as larvicide is studied by only a few workers.In the present study, we have evaluated certain essential oils namely; Amyris, Black pepper, Cinnamon, Dill, Jasmine, Juniper and Thyme oils, against Aedes albopictus for their larvicidal activity.These essential oils have shown signifi cant larvicidal activity.These oils were shown to have LC 50 values in the range of 10.5 to 62.7 ppm against larvae Ae. albopictus.Out of these seven oils the Dill oil was found to show the least LC 50 value against Ae.albopictus.
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Aedes albopictus was first identified in southern France in 2004, inducing an emerging risk for autochthonous transmission around imported cases of dengue or chikungunya, and also for mosquito-borne nosocomial transmission in hospitals. Aedes albopictus has been present in Marseille since September 2009 and in Aix-en-Provence since August 2010. Because of the possible admission of viremic patients with dengue or chikungunya in the hospitals of these cities, a mosquito survey was conducted in 2011 in 2 of the hospitals, with the use of mosquito traps. Aedes albopictus was detected with Eisenhans II traps and egg traps in both hospitals during the warm season.
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Summary The 2007 outbreak of chikungunya in Gabon has indicated the potential of this disease to spread beyond its usual range ensuing from the expansion of the mosquito Aedes albopictus . A few cases of dengue (DEN) infection were also detected. Because little is known about the potential for Gabonese mosquito species to transmit both chikungunya and DEN viruses (DENV), we conducted studies to determine the susceptibility of Ae. albopictus and Aedes aegypti collected in Libreville to both viruses by experimental infections. Disseminated infection rates were high for Ae. albopictus infected with chikungunya virus (CHIKV) (66.7–86%) and low with DENV (13–21.4%). Moreover, Ae. aegypti sp. formosus was a less efficient vector of CHIKV than Ae. albopictus . The recent introduction and dissemination of chikungunya associated with the invasion of Ae. albopictus in Africa illustrates the potential for CHIKV to spread to other parts of the world.
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