Introduction and Establishment ofAedes albopictus(Diptera: Culicidae) in Managua, Nicaragua
Alejandro BelliJorge ArosteguíJorge GarcíaCarlos AguilarEmperatriz LugoDamaris LópezSonia ValleMercedes LópezEva HarrisJoséfina Coloma
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Journal Article Introduction and Establishment of Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) in Managua, Nicaragua Get access Alejandro Belli, Alejandro Belli 1 CIET-Nicaragua, Managua, Nicaragua. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Jorge Arostegui, Jorge Arostegui 1 CIET-Nicaragua, Managua, Nicaragua. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Jorge Garcia, Jorge Garcia 2 Dirección de Enfermedades Transmitidas por Vectores, Sistema Local de Atención Integral en Salud (SILAIS) Managua, Ministerio de Salud, Managua, Nicaragua. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Carlos Aguilar, Carlos Aguilar 2 Dirección de Enfermedades Transmitidas por Vectores, Sistema Local de Atención Integral en Salud (SILAIS) Managua, Ministerio de Salud, Managua, Nicaragua. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Emperatriz Lugo, Emperatriz Lugo 3 Dirección de Entomología Médica, Centro Nacional de Diagnóstico y Referencia, Ministerio de Salud, Managua, Nicaragua. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Damaris Lopez, Damaris Lopez 3 Dirección de Entomología Médica, Centro Nacional de Diagnóstico y Referencia, Ministerio de Salud, Managua, Nicaragua. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Sonia Valle, Sonia Valle 3 Dirección de Entomología Médica, Centro Nacional de Diagnóstico y Referencia, Ministerio de Salud, Managua, Nicaragua. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Mercedes Lopez, Mercedes Lopez 3 Dirección de Entomología Médica, Centro Nacional de Diagnóstico y Referencia, Ministerio de Salud, Managua, Nicaragua. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Eva Harris, Eva Harris 4 Division of Infections Diseases and Vaccinology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Josefina Coloma Josefina Coloma 5 4 Division of Infections Diseases and Vaccinology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720. 5 Corresponding author, e-mail: colomaj@berkeley.edu . Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Journal of Medical Entomology, Volume 52, Issue 4, July 2015, Pages 713–718, https://doi.org/10.1093/jme/tjv049 Published: 06 May 2015 Article history Received: 09 October 2014 Accepted: 11 March 2015 Published: 06 May 2015Keywords:
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Aedes albopictus
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Білім берy қоғaмның экономикaлық дaмyының негізі, әлеyметтік тұрaқтылықтың фaкторлaрының бірі, хaлықтың рyхaни-aдaмгершілік әлеyетінің және интеллектyaлдық өсyінің қaйнaр көзі ретінде бaрлық yaқыттaрдa тaптырмaс құндылық болып есептеліп келеді. Aл қaзіргідей aдaм кaпитaлын қaлыптaстырy мен дaмытy мәселесін шешy негізгі міндет ретінде қaрaстырылaтын зaмaндa хaлықтың білімдік қaжеттіліктері өсіп, жоғaры, ортa aрнayлы, кәсіби қосымшa білім aлyғa үміткерлер сaны aртa түсyде. Бұғaн жayaп ретінде білім берy ұйымдaрының сaлaлaнyы aртып, әртүрлі типтегі оқy орындaрының сaны aртyдa, білім берyдің инфрaқұрылымы, бaсқaрy формaлaры, әдістемелік, ғылыми қызмет түрлері дaмyдa. Олaрды білім aлyшылaрдың жеке сұрaныстaры мен мүмкіндіктеріне бaғыттay күшейтілyде. Осығaн орaй білімнің сaпaсынa қойылaтын тaлaптaр aртып, бұл сaлaның әлеyметпен өзaрa әрекеттестігіне негізделген құрылымдық – қызметтік дaмyының көкейтестілігі aртyдa. Мaқaлaдa «серіктестік», «әлеyметтік серіктестік», «білімдегі әлеyметтік серіктестік» ұғым- дaрының мәні aшылып, олaрдың қaлыптaсy және дaмy үрдісіне шолy жaсaлaды, жоғaры оқy орындaрындa педaгогтaрды дaярлayдa әлеyметтік серіктестердің әлеyетін пaйдaлaнyдa бaсшылыққa aлынaтын ұстaнымдaр мен тиімді жолдaры сипaттaлaды. Түйін сөздер: серіктестік, әлеyметтік серіктестік, білімдегі әлеyметтік серіктестік, бірлескен әрекет ұстaнымдaры, әлеуметтік серіктестік әлеуеті. Обрaзовaние является основой экономического рaзвития обществa, одним из фaкторов социaль- ной стaбильности, источником дyховно-нрaвственного потенциaлa и интеллектyaльного ростa людей и во все временa считaлось незaменимой ценностью. И в нaстоящее время, когдa решение проблемы формировaния и рaзвития человеческого кaпитaлa рaссмaтривaется кaк основнaя зaдaчa, рaстyт обрaзовaтельные потребности людей, yвеличивaется количество желaющих полyчить высшее, среднее, специaльное, профессионaльное дополнительное обрaзовaние. В ответ нa это yсиливaется рaзветвленность обрaзовaтельных оргaнизaций, yвеличивaется количество обрaзовaтельных оргaни- зaций рaзличного типa, рaзвивaются инфрaстрyктyрa обрaзовaния, формы yпрaвления, методическaя и нayчнaя деятельность. Yсиливaется их ориентaция нa индивидyaльные потребности и возможности обyчaющихся. В связи с этим повышaются требовaния к кaчествy обрaзовaния, возрaстaет знaчение стрyктyрно-фyнкционaльного рaзвития этой сферы нa основе взaимодействия с обществом. В стaтье рaскрывaется знaчение понятий «пaртнерство», «социaльное пaртнерство», «социaльное пaртнерство в обрaзовaнии», рaссмaтривaется процесс их стaновления и рaзвития, описывaются рyко- водящие принципы и эффективные способы использовaния потенциaлa социaльных пaртнеров в подготовке педaгогических кaдров в высших yчебных зaведениях. Ключевые словa: партнерство, социaльное пaртнерство, социaльное пaртнерство в обрaзовaнии, принципы совместного действия, поненциал социального партнерство. Education is the basis of the economic development of society, one of the factors of social stability, a source of spiritual and moral potential and intellectual growth of people and has always been considered an irreplaceable value. And at the present time, when the solution of the problem of the formation and development of human capital is considered as the main task, the educational needs of people are growing, the number of people wishing to receive higher, secondary, special, professional additional education is increasing. In response to this, the branching of educational organizations is increasing, the number of educational organizations of various types is increasing, the infrastructure of education, forms of management, methodological and scientific activities are developing. Their focus on the individual needs and capabilities of students is increasing. In this regard, the requirements for the quality of education are increasing, the importance of the structural and functional development of this sphere on the basis of interaction with society is increasing. The article reveals the meaning of the concepts of "partnership", "social partnership", "social partnership in education", examines the process of their formation and development, describes the guidelines and effective ways to use the potential of social partners in the training of teachers in higher educational institutions. Keywords: partnership, social partnership, social partnership in education, principles of joint action, the potential of social partnership.
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Aedes albopictus (Skuse) is a container-breeding species with considerable public health importance. To date, Ae. albopictus oviposition behavior has been assessed in outdoor conditions, but only with laboratory-reared specimens. In outdoor large-cage and field studies, we used an attractive self-marking ovipositional device to assess Ae. albopictus skip oviposition behavior. In field studies, 37 wild Ae. albopictus that visited an attractive self-marking ovisite were subsequently captured at a sticky ovitrap within a 4-d period. Because the average Ae. albopictus gonotrophic period is 4.5–6 d, the wild-caught Ae. albopictus visited at least two oviposition sites within a single gonotrophic period. This provided field-based indirect evidence of skip oviposition. The mean distance traveled (MDT) during the 20-d evaluations ranged from 58 to 78 m. The maximum observed distance traveled was 149 m, which was the outer edge of our trapping ability. As populations of Ae. albopictus increased, the MDT during the 4- and 20-d post-marking period increased significantly. Additional observations of wild-marked and captured Aedes triseriatus (Say) are discussed.
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1.蚊の宿主感知要因として, 或は宿主に対する種々な動作に対し, 主として炭酸ガスがどの様な作用を及ぼすかについて実験した.2.墓地内に発生しているヒトスジシマカAedes albopictus (Skuse, 1859)についての観察及びトラツプによる捕獲成績から, ドライアイスから発生する炭酸ガスは蚊を誘引し, 湯を用いて温度を高めた場合, 更にこの動作を強めた.又, 蚊は炭酸ガス濃度と温度の高い対象に対しては, 短時間刺す動作を行なうのが見られた.又, 炭酸ガス, 温度の外に湿度が加わつた場合, 特に蚊に対し著しい影響を示すことは認めることが出来なかつた.3.こうして誘引された蚊がさらに物体面にとまり, 吻を挿入する動作をするためには物体面の性質が問題であり, 単なる金属面にはとまらないが, これをガーゼで包むとその動作を起すことが認められた.
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Preface Acknowledgments Chronology Introduction Primary Sources The Narrative Works of Gabriel Garcia Marquez Nonfiction Articles and Books Audio-Visual Materials Stories in Anthologies Translations Secondary Sources Bibliographies on Gabriel Garcia Marquez Books, Dissertations, and Theses on Gabriel Garcia Marquez Chapters and Sections in Books Critical Articles Interviews About Garcia Marquez: The Man, the Reporter, the Writer Miscellaneous Reviews of Gabriel Garcia Marquez Reviews of Books About Gabriel Garcia Marquez Index of Names Index of Titles
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Objective To study dividing line and influence factor of Aedes albopictus in Shaanxi province. Methods Adult mosquitoes were captured by mosquito-net trap, light trap and mosq-ovitrap method. Results Ae.albopictus distributed widely in Baoji and Hancheng city, and mainly at the special places such as worn type deposit places and junk recycle bin in Longxian and Tongchuan city. There was no Ae.albopictus in Yijun, Huangling and Yichuan. The peak of Ae.albopictus was in August in Baoji city and in September in Hancheng city. Temperature was possible the decisive factor that affected dividing line of Ae.albopictus. Conclusion The western boundary of Ae.albopictus was in Baoji city, the northern ones in Longxian, Tongchuan and Hancheng. Compared to light trap, mosquito-net trap and mosq-ovitrap method were best for the surveillance of Ae.albopictus, which would provide the ecological evidence for the control of mosquitoes.
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Gabriel Garcia Marquez: No one writes to the colonel and other stories. Translated by J. S. Bernstein. 170 pp. Harper & Row. $5.95
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