Aspergillus and Penicillium spores as urban pathogens of the Havana atmosphere, Cuba
Michel AlmaguerMaría Fernández-GonzálezLilivet Díaz VázquezKenia C. SánchezF. Javier Rodríguez‐RajoMaría Jesús Aira Rodríguez
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Penicillium citrinum
Aspergillus niger
To enhance the availability of P and other macro and micro nutrients from the fertile calciorthent soil, phosphorus solublizing fungi (PSF) were isolated from the rhizoshere of the agricultural/ horticultural crops. The P solublizing potential of PSF was tested under in-vitro and in-viv o conditions. Penicillium citrinum isolate6 exhibited the maximum and constant P solublization potential throughout the incubation period in the presence of TCP (Tri-calcium phosphate) in Pikovskaya's medium. On the basis laboratory experiment, three fungi ( Aspergillus niger isolate 2, Aspergillus niger isolate 3 and Penicilliun citrinum isolate 6) were selected for pot experiments, to test their efficacy on nutrient availability as well as on growth promotion of mungbean crop. Stimulatory effect of Aspergillus niger isolate 3, Aspergillus niger isolate 2 + Aspergillus niger isolate 3 and Aspergillus niger isolate 2+ Penicillium citrinum isolate 6 was recorded on N, P and K availability in soil, respectively. Combination of Aspergillus niger isolates with PSB significantly enhanced the Mn availability. While Aspergillus nige r isolate 2 inoculation exhibited pronounced effect on Zn and Cu availability. Most of the biometric parameters were increased with the inoculation of fungal combination. The result indicates that the effective strains of Aspergillus and Penicillium can be used for nutrient availability and crop production in calcium rich soil.
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تم تنفيذ التجربة في مختبر قسم الأحياء كلية التربية / صبر-جامعة عدن-اليمن خلال الفترة مايو– يوليو 2017م. لمعرفة فعالية أربعة أنواع من المستخلصات المائية للمخلفات الحيوانية وهي روث الأبقار، وروث الأغنام، وروث الحمير، وزرق الدواجن (10 % وزن / حجم) ضد الفطرين Aspergellus niger المسبب للعفن الأسود في البصل، flavus Aspergillus المسبب للعفن في الفول السوداني.
تشير النتائج إلى وجود فروق معنوية بين المعاملات المختلفة وكانت فعالية زرق الدواجن الأكثر فاعلية بين المعاملات المختلفة ضد الفطرين niger.A، flavus . A حيث بلغت نسبة التثبيط 70.69، 67.30% على التوالي. وكانت الفعالية الأدنى لروث الحمير حيث لم تتجاوز نسبة التثبيط36.53، 30.81% على التوالي.
وبناءً عليه فإن نتائجنا تشير إلى فعالية المستخلصات المائية للمخلفات الحيوانية (روث الأبقار، وروث الأغنام، وروث الحمير، وزرق الدواجن (10 % وزن / حجم)) ضد الفطرين Aspergellus niger المسبب للعفن الأسود في البصل، flavus Aspergillus المسبب للعفن في الفول السوداني ولكن بصورة متفاوتة.
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ABSTRACT In this article, in vitro and in vivo antifungal activities of clove oil to inactivate Aspergillus flavus , Penicillium citrinum and Rhizopus nigricans were investigated. The result showed that eugenol (approximately 83.02%) is the main constituent of clove oil. The minimum inhibitory concentrations of clove oil against A. flavus , P. citrinum and R. nigricans were 25, 25 and 50 µL/mL, respectively. In an in vitro experiment, the results revealed that clove oil possessed stronger antifungal activities against A. flavus and P. citrinum than against R. nigricans , and the antifungal activity improved with increasing its concentration. In an in vivo study, clove oil treatments significantly reduced fungal decay, and clove oil at a concentration of 3.0% showed complete control of A. flavus and P. citrinum in wound‐inoculated fruit. These results indicated that clove oil has a good potential to be a natural antifungal agent for fruit applications. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS Postharvest decay caused by fungi is the major cause of rapid deterioration of fruits, which affects the quality and shortens the shelf life of fruits and vegetables. The major problems for the application of chemical preservatives are the increasing resistance to antibiotics and chemotherapeutics and health risk concerns. So, most consumers demand less use of synthetic additives to ensure food safety. There is a growing need to develop alternative approaches, such as the application of essential oils, for controlling postharvest diseases.
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Aspergillus niger
Aspergillus parasiticus
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Abstract The objective of the present study was to investigate the antifungal activities of aqueous and ethanol extracts of Persian shallot ( Allium hirtifolium Boiss) combined with potassium sorbate against Aspergillus flavus and Penicillium citrinum . Chemical analysis of the extracts was conducted using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Antifungal activity was assessed using agar well diffusion, mycelial growth inhibition, minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC), and fractional inhibitory concentration (FIC) methods. The main component of the extracts were methyl methylthiomethyl disulfide and 1‐Butene, 1‐(methylthio)‐(Z). Both extracts completely inhibited the mycelial growth of A flavus . MIC value of aqueous and ethanol extracts of Persian shallot against A flavus was 10 and 5 mg/mL, respectively. MIC value of both extracts against P citrinum was 2.5 mg/mL. Synergistic antifungal activity (FICi = 0.5) was found between aqueous extract of Persian shallot and potassium sorbate against A flavus . In conclusion, aqueous extract of Persian shallot has the potential to be used as an adjunct natural antifungal to reduce the concentration of potassium sorbate in foods.
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Potassium sorbate
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Aspergillus niger
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With an initial microbial level of ca. 10/sup 7/ microorganisms per g of Ivory Coast cacao beans, 5 kGy of gamma radiation from a Co/sup 60/ source under an atmosphere of air reduced the microflora per g by 2.49 and 3.03 logs at temperatures of 35 and 50/sup 0/C, respectively. Bahia cacao beans were artificially contaminated with dried spores of Aspergillus flavus and Penicillium citrinum, giving initial fungal levels of 1.9 x 10/sup 4/ and 1.4 x 10/sup 3/ spores per g of whole Bahia cacao beans, respectively. The average D/sub 10/ values for A. flavus and P. citrinum spores on Bahia cacao beans were 0.66 and 0.88 kGy, respectively. 12 references.
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Biocontrol of pathogens, the total or partial destruction of pathogen populations by other organisms, is important to the sustainable agriculture. Soil microorganisms capable of utilizing vegetable tissues for multiplication were isolated and their vegetable liquid cultures were tested for ability of control black leaf spot of mustard cabbage caused by Alternaria brassicicola. A total of 69 actinomycetes, 101 bacteria and 71 fungi were isolated and tested. Among them 1 bacterium and 5 fungi were able to reduce the disease incidence and lesion size of black leaf spot. The liquid cultures of V3F-3 and V5F-13 were inhibitory to conidial germination of A. brassicicola Aba-31. These 2 fungi were identified as Penicillium citrinum and Aspergillus flavus by morphological and molecular methods. Inhibitory substances in the freeze dried powder of liquid cultures of V3F-3 and V5F-13 were most efficiently extracted with methanol and 50% ethanol extract, respectively. The inhibitory substance in P. citrinum V3F-3 culture was fungicidal, and it was completely adsorbed by activated charcoal. The inhibitory substance in A. flavus V5F-13 culture was semi-fungicidal fungicidal, and it was partly adsorbed by activated charcoal. Both inhibitory substances did not have charges on their molecules, and were very stable under high or low pH value. The extracts of P. citrinum V3F-3 and A. flavus V5F-13 were most active at pH 3-4 and pH 3-6, respectively.
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Spore germination
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Objective To study the influence of Aspergillus niger on the growth of Aspergillus flavus and degradation of AFB1.Method Aspergillus niger was co-cultured with Aspergillus flavus and AFB1,respectively;pH,dry weight of mycelium,spores of Aspergillus flavus and content of AFB1 were determined every 3 days.Result Compared with the control group,the number of Aspergillus flavus spores and content of AFB1 were much less in competitive situation.There was a significant difference between the two groups(P0.05) and the rate of inhibition was 68.06% to 91.52%;more-over,AFB1 was reduced when Aspergillus niger was inoculated,with is a significant difference between the two groups(P0.05),and the rate of degradation was 46.19%.Conclusion Aspergillus niger not only can inhibit the growth of Aspergillus flavus and production of AFB1,but also degrade AFB1.
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This work was conducted to evaluate the ability of grape molding fungus; Penicillium citrinum to synthesize silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs). The potency of biosynthesized Ag NPs was checked against the aflatoxigenic Aspergillus flavus var. columnaris, isolated from sorghum grains. Biosynthesized Ag NPs were characterized and confirmed in different ways. X ray diffraction (XRD), Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) and optical absorption measurements confirmed the bio-synthesis of Ag NPs. The in vitro antifungal investigation showed that biosynthesized Ag NPs were capable of inhibiting the growth of aflatoxigenic A. flavus var. columnaris. Utilization of plant pathogenic fungi in the Ag NPs biosynthesis as well as the use of bio-Ag NPs to control fungal plant diseases instead of chemicals is promising. Further work is needed to confirm the efficacy of the bio-Ag NPs against different mycotoxigenic fungi and to determine the potent applicable doses.
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Silver nanoparticle
Aspergillus niger
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