Influence of Aspergillus niger on growth of Aspergillus flavus and aflatoxin B_1
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Objective To study the influence of Aspergillus niger on the growth of Aspergillus flavus and degradation of AFB1.Method Aspergillus niger was co-cultured with Aspergillus flavus and AFB1,respectively;pH,dry weight of mycelium,spores of Aspergillus flavus and content of AFB1 were determined every 3 days.Result Compared with the control group,the number of Aspergillus flavus spores and content of AFB1 were much less in competitive situation.There was a significant difference between the two groups(P0.05) and the rate of inhibition was 68.06% to 91.52%;more-over,AFB1 was reduced when Aspergillus niger was inoculated,with is a significant difference between the two groups(P0.05),and the rate of degradation was 46.19%.Conclusion Aspergillus niger not only can inhibit the growth of Aspergillus flavus and production of AFB1,but also degrade AFB1.Keywords:
Aspergillus niger
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ycological examination of 500 samples of animal feeds and feed ingredients for Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus revealed that 180 (36%) samples yielded isolates of Aspergillus flavus and 65 (13%) samples gave isolates of Aspergillus parasiticus. Testing of the same samples for AFB1 contamination showed that 99 samples (19.8%) contained AFB1 at a rate of 125 ppb, 45 samples (9%) at a rate of 25-50 ppb, 32 samples (6.4%) at a rate of 101-200 ppb and 19 samples (3.8%) contained aflatoxin B1 at a rate of 201-2000 ppb. Screening of isolated strains of Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus for aflatoxin B1 production by culturing on YES medium supplemented with 0.019% P-cresol revealed that 81 (45%) out of 180 isolates of Aspergillus flavus and 16 (24.62%) out of 65 isolates of Aspergillus parasiticus produced aflatoxin B1. Testing the ability of 4 Lactobacillus strains for removal of aflatoxin B1 from liquid media after physical and chemical treatments revealed that the acidic and heat treatments of bacterial pellets significantly enhanced their ability to bind aflatoxin B1 but heat treatment was not as effective as acidic treatment. Screening the ability of either intact mycelium or fragmented mycelium or culture cell - free system of non - aflatoxin B1 producing Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus indicated that fragmentation increased the ability of tested strain to degrade aflatoxin B1. Culture cell free system showed the highest percent of aflatoxin B1 degradation. Aspergillus flavus showed higher percent of degradation than Aspergillus parasiticus.
Aspergillus parasiticus
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Effects of bacteriostasis of berbering on crayish green aspergillus and aspergillus niger was observed in the paper. The mdicine tablets, which were made from liquid berbering at different concentrations of 0.5mg/ml, 1.0 mg/ml, 2.0 mg/ml,4.0 mg/ml, and 8.0 mg/ml respectively, were taken in order to observe effects of bacteriostasis of berbering on crayish green aspergillus and aspergillus niger, and to compare its function with that of nystatin. The results were showed as follows: Both berbering and nystatin had effects of bacteriostasis on crayish green aspergillus and aspergillus niger, and action increased obviously according to the raise of concentration. Furthermore, at the same concentration, effects of bacteriostasis of berbering to aspergillus niger was significantly higher than to crayish green aspergillus (P0.01). At the same vitality units, effects of bacteriostasis of nystatin to crayish green aspergillus (without the group of 9.0 ten thousand u/ml) was significantly higher than to aspergillus niger (P0.01). At the concentration of 8.0 mg/ml, berbering had action of middling sensitivity on crayish green aspergillus, while had action of altitudinal sensitivity on aspergillus niger.
Aspergillus niger
Nystatin
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The influence of pyridazinone herbicides on aflatoxin production by Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus was studied in liquid media. Mycelia production was not affected by 20, 40, or 60 micrograms of herbicide per ml; however, aflatoxin production by A. parasiticus was higher in media with herbicide, whereas A. flavus produced lower aflatoxin levels.
Aspergillus parasiticus
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Aspergillus niger
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Abstract Aspergillus ochraceus and A flavus were grown on synthetic media (SM) supplemented with 50 or 200 ml litre −1 SM on which A niger had been grown previously ( ‘ A niger medium’ = ANM). Controls included SM acidified to pH 6.0 or 4.4, SM diluted with 50 or 200 ml litre −1 water, and diluted‐acidified SM. For both fungi, higher growth inhibition was recorded on ANM‐containing SM than in the controls. Aflatoxin formation was markedly inhibited on SM to which 20 ml litre −1 ANM extract (in methanol/chloroform, 2:1 v) had been added, although the growth of A flavus on that medium was almost the same as that in the control. It is concluded that the inhibitory effect of A niger on the growth of fungi should not be attributed merely to pH reduction, but also, mainly, to metabolites produced by the fungus in the growth medium, even at early stages of its growth.
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Growth inhibition
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Fungal growth
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Aspergillus niger
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Aspergillus niger
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The mixture of broad bean and wheat flour during fermentation was used to screen antagonistic bacteria against aflatoxigenic Aspergillus flavus.A strain L4 with strong antifungal activity against the aflatoxin-producing Aspergillus flavus was selected using broadbean agar medium (BAM).According to its morphological,physiological and biochemical characteristics and 16S rRNA gene sequence homology analysis,L4 was identified as Bacillus subtilis.When L4 and Aspergillus flavus were co-cultured for 15 days,the weight of the mycelium and the production of aflatoxin B1 were both significantly lower than those of Aspergillus flavus cultured without L4.The accumulation of AFB1 was inhibited significantly,the values of the reduction was 93.7%.When L4 culture supernatant was mixed with the spore suspension of A.flavus at ratio of 1: 1 and then inoculated on corns,the germination and growth of A.flavus was inhibited completely.
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