Prognostic Influence of Tobacco Smoking on Human Papilloma Virus-Related Oropharyngeal Cancer is Dependent Upon Treatment Modality
Jun ItamiKenya KobayashiTaisuke MoriYoshitaka HonmaYuko KuboNaoya MurakamiGo OMURAYuko NakayamaHiroshi IgakiKae OkumaKoji InabaKana TakahashiTairo KashiharaTomoya KanedaSatoshi ShimaAyaka TakahashiYuri ShimizuSeiichi Yoshimoto
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Abstract [Purpose] Tobacco smoking has been reported to influence the prognosis of human papilloma virus (HPV)-related orophageyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC). However, it remains to be studied whether tobacco smoking equally affects the patients treated by various modalities. [Material and Method] From 2010 through 2018, 241 patients with OPSCC were treated in a single institution, out of which 144 patients had HPV-related OPSCC. P16 immunohistochemical staining was used as a surrogate of HPV infection. Two patients was excluded because of inadequate radiation dose, and the remaining 142 patients were the subject of this study. Median age was 63.8 years and more than 80% were male. More than 70% were smokers or ex-smokers with a median pack year of 17.3. Eighty-seven patients (61.3%) were classified as stage I.[Results] For all 142 patients with HPV-related OPSCC, overall survival (OS) and disease-specific survival (DSS) were 87.0% and 93.4% in 3 years, respectively. There were no differences of OS and DSS according to the stages by 8 th edition of tumor, node, and metastasis (TNM) classification and the primary sites. OS and DSS were different by the amount of tobacco smoking expressed in pack year (PY) > 30 and < 30. Also the presence of secondary cancer impacted OS. However, the influence of the amount of tobacco smoking was reduced in the patients treated by radiation therapy. [Conclusions] The impact of tobacco smoking upon the prognosis of HPV-related OPSCC seems to be dependent upon therapeutic modalities.Papillomaviridae
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The occurrence of cervical cancer is the result of long-term synergy from a variety of carcinogenic factors. Human papilloma virus (HPV), the main biological cause of cervical cancer, is closely related to the occurrence of cervical cancer, while HPV E6/E7 protein plays an important role in the malignant transformation of cervical cancer. This article summarizes the carcinogenic mechanism of HPV E6/E7 and application in cervical cancer screening, and reviews the targeting therapy aiming at HPV E6/E7.
Key words:
Human papilloma virus; E6/E7 protein; Cervical neoplasms; Targeting therapy
Malignant Transformation
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This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction The great debate: surgery versus radiotherapy Surgery plus adjuvant radiotherapy How does radiotherapy work? Methods of radiotherapy administration Radiotherapy simulation and planning Radiotherapy treatment factors Optimising radiotherapy treatment Treatment-related toxicities Acute radiotherapy toxicities Late radiotherapy toxicities Second malignancies Radiotherapy and quality of life Conclusion Frequently asked questions Resources References
Adjuvant radiotherapy
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Objective:To study on whether radiotherapy affects on T cell subgroups,and to research on the effects of immunoenhancing agents on the immune side effects of radiotherapy.Methods:Sixty-six malignant tumour patients were divided into two groups,radiotherapy alone and radiotherpay plus immunoinhancing agents therapy groups.All patients were subjected to high energy X-rays and electronic rays outer local reginal therapy.T cell subgroups levels were measured before and after the radiotherapy.Results:CD 3,CD 4 and CD 8 decreased significantly after radiotherapy (P0.05) in radiotherapy alone group.There were no differences in CD 3,CD 4 and CD 8 before and after radiotherapy in the group of radiotherapy plus immunoinhancing agents therapy.Conclusions:Radiotherapy may cause the decrease in T cells of all subgroups and immunoinhancing agents may antagonize the side effects of radiotherapy. [
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The incidence of invasive cervical cancer and consequently mortality decreased due to adequate screening programmes in Canada from 1969 to 2003. Systematic cervical screening programmes similar to those in Europe should be implemented throughout Canada. The new techniques, including a liquid-based cytology, associated or not with identifying human papilloma virus (HPV), allow the best results in prevention and early diagnosis of cervical cancer and high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (HSIL). In the future a vaccine against HPV type 16 could reduce the incidence of cervical cancer worldwide.
Cervical screening
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Cervical cancer is highly preventable if precancerous changes are detected and treated before progression occurs. The main cause of cervical cancer, which accounts for approximately 95% of all cases, is sexual exposure to the human papilloma virus (HPV) (IARC, 1995; Franco et al., 1999). Countries follow different policies with regards to the prevention and early diagnosis of cervical cancer.
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Objective To analyze the effects between three different therapy materials for non-small cell lung cancer(NSCLC).Methods 327 patients who suffered from NSCLC were treated by radiotherapy alone,radiotherapy after operation,and chemotherapy combined with radiotherapy.Results The 3-and 5-year survival rates of radiotherapy after operation were higher than radiotherapy alone and chemotherapy combined radiotherapy groups; radiotherapy alone higher than chemotherapy combined radiotherapy groups.Conclusions There was on relationship between the survival rate and the pathological classification,but there was a close relationship between the clinical stage and the selecting therapy in survival rate.
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Objective:In 1980s,Germany virologist——Harald Zur Hausen firstly raise the hypotheses that human papilloma virus(HPV) infection closely related to cervical cancer.Afterwards,lots of evidence proved the causal relationship between persistent HPV infection and cervical cancer,and made a conclusion that HPV infection is the necessary cause of cervical cancer.This discovery is marked as a milestone in cervical cancer prevention,which not only promotes the development of HPV DNA-based cervical cancer screening technology,but also guides the development of HPV prophylactic vaccine for cervical cancer.This review states the latest researches of HPV vaccine.
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HPV vaccines
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