The extent of sludge solubilization allows to estimate the efficacy of ozonation for removal of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in municipal sewage sludge
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Extracellular polymeric substance
Sewage sludge
The emission and dispersion of particulate matter near urban roadways has become an issue of increasing concern because of the possible health risks to humans associated with the inhalation of small particulates. Despite the potential health risk, little is known about the concentration of particulates near urban roadways or the particulates emission rates of various vehicles. Particulate matter smaller than 2.5 micrometers (microns), typically denoted PM sub 2.5, was studied. Data were collected along paved roads on the University of Washington campus. The results of the data collection and subsequent statistical analysis indicated, as expected, that urban buses are by far the major source of particulate emissions and that buses with low exhaust pipes generate higher concentrations of roadside fine particulate matter than buses with elevated exhausts. The findings suggest that the Environmental Protection Agency's procedure AP-42 for calculating resuspended particulate matter near urban roads is grossly inaccurate, producing values that are 9 to 20 times higher than observed fine particulate levels.
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Tests carried out on eutrophic waters using ozone and peroxone (peroxide and ozone) indicated that an applied ozone concentration of between 1 and 1.5 mg/l (ozone:DOC ratio of 0.2 to 0.5) was generally required before significant removals of natural organic matter surrogate parameters and micropollutants were obtained. Peroxone produced the same effect as ozone used alone, but the maximum effect occurred at a lower ozone concentration when using peroxone. Peroxide to ozone ratios greater than 0.3 to 0.5 were not found to increase the benefit derived from the addition of peroxide.
Peroxide
Natural Organic Matter
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Measurement of particulates [respirable particulate matter (RPM or PM10 ), fine RPM (PM2.5) , non-RPM (NRPM), and total suspended particulate matter (TSPM)] were carried out on a campaign basis over a period of 3 years (2003–2006) at Kaikhali (22.022°N and 88.614°E) inside one of the world’s largest mangrove delta region—“The Sundarbans.” Considering the toxic potential of the particulate fractions, the foremost objective of this study was to determine the particulate concentrations during different parts of the year as well as to ascertain the trend of occurrence of the particulate fractions in an area of rich and unique biodiversity. Moreover, as the area had no past records on particulate data over a decade, the other important objective of the study was to prepare substantial database for the area for the present time. The average range of PM10 , PM2.5 , NRPM, and TSPM for the period from 2003–2006 has been found to be (57–118), (35–80), (10–25), and (73–135) μg m−3 respectively. The data obtained for the finer particulate fractions have been compared with some previous studies in India. In addition to the particulate fractions, meteorological parameters such as wind speed, wind direction, and temperature were also recorded to accomplish proper interpretation of the data. The requisite statistical parameters (standard deviation, average, and range) for the particulate fractions have also been calculated.
Mangrove ecosystem
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Utilization of fiber and shell as boiler fuel in palm oil mill industry generates particulate emission that need to be controlled before emitting to the environment. This study investigates the particulate mass size distribution of particulate matter sampled from palm oil mills having different boiler capacities. The particulate emission was performed at the stack following US EPA Method 17 and while the particulate size distribution was determined using particle size analyzer. Results showed that the total particulate mass concentration varied between 0.42 and 3.77 g/Nm3 (corrected at 7% O2). The emitted particulate was mainly found in the coarse particles, with 50% cumulative size distribution ranged from 21 to 38 µm. The particulate mass concentration of PM2.5 and PM10 of the total particulate emission was varied from 0.03 to 0.30 g/Nm3 and 0.37 to 0.73 g/Nm3, respectively. This contributes 0.8 to 71% and 13 to 95% of the total particulate mass concentration, respectively.
Mass concentration (chemistry)
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Urban air quality is continuing to deteriorate. If we want to do something about this problem, we need to know the cause of the pollution. The big problem, not only in Europe, is the high concentrations of particulate matter (PM) in the urban environment. The origin of these particles can be different, including combustion, transport, industry, natural resources, etc. Particulate matter includes a large amount of the finest PM fractions, which can remain in the air for a long time, easily enter respiratory tracks, and damage human health. Particulate matter is also produced by the abrasion of different parts of roads and vehicle fleets and from resuspension road dust, which concerns matter with larger aerodynamic diameters. For this reason, we carried out a series of measurements at various measuring stations in Žilina, Slovakia, during different measuring seasons. The main objective was to find out the diversity of particulate matter sources in Žilina. The search for the particulate matter origin was carried out by particulate matter measurements, determination of the particulate matter fraction concentrations (PM10, PM2.5, and PM1), an investigation on the effect of secondary factors on the particulate matter concentrations, chemical analyses, and multivariate statistical analyses. Varied behavior of the particulate matter with respect to the measurement station and the measurement season was found. Differences in the concentrations of investigated chemical elements contained in the PM were found. Significant changes in the concentrations of particulate matter are caused not only by primary sources (e.g., road traffic in the city of Žilina), but mainly by the negative events (combination of air pollution sources and meteorological conditions). Maximum concentrations of particulate matter PM10 were measured during the winter season at the measuring station on Komenského Street: PM10 126.2 µg/m3, PM2.5 97.7 µg/m3, and PM1 90.4 µg/m3 were obtained using the gravimetric method. The coarse fraction PM2.5-10 was mainly represented by the chemical elements Mg, Al, Si, Ca, Cr, Fe, and Ba, and the fine fraction PM2.5 was represented by the chemical elements K, S, Cd, Pb, Ni, and Zn. Road transport as a dominant source of PM10 was identified from all measurements in the city of Žilina by using the multivariate statistical methods of principal component analysis (PCA) and factor analysis (FA).
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Measurements of ozone concentrations at the inlet and outlet of the ozone destructor were carried out proving the thermal decomposition of ozone produced in the ozone generator. The destructor was employed to simulate the ozone zero phenomena (OZP) in an ozone generator, thus which was separated functionally from the ozone source in the ozone generator. It was found that the thermal decomposition of ozone starts around 453 K, and the decrease of ozone concentration similar to OZP occurs at higher temperatures. In this paper, we report that the thermal decomposition of ozone is promoted by increasing the mixing ratio of oxygen atom O contained in the ozonized gas, based on a simple calculation using our measured basic coefficients.
Mixing ratio
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This study attempted to reanalyze the emission property of particulate matter and set up the strategy on the emission reduction of particulate matter by considering the condensable particulate matter additionally as the total particulate matter together with filterable particulate matter. For this, total suspended particles and particulate matter 2.5 emitted in 2013 were selected as pollutants. Fuel classifications were divided into major and minor categories, and the sources were divided into major, medium, and minor categories. Three provinces were set as administrative areas: Gyeonggi-do, Chungcheongnam-do, and Jeollanam-do. The condensable particulate matter emission factors used were obtained from National Institute of Environmental Research. The condensable particulate matter emission factors of liquefied natural gas, diesel, and bunker C oil were measured in boilers with no preventive facilities, and the coal power plant emission factor was obtained at the end of the prevention facility. The condensable particulate matter emissions were calculated by multiplying the particulate matter 2.5 filterable particulate matter emissions by the ratio of the condensable particulate matter emissions to the filterable particulate matter of the National Institute of Environmental Research data. Different patterns of emission sources were observed for each province depending on the consideration of condensable particulate matters. Considering only the filterable particulate matters, the proportion of mobile pollutants was high. On the other hand, considering the condensable particulate matters, the contribution of the nonindustrial combustion category emissions using gaseous fuels, such as city gas, increased in the metropolitan area, whereas the contributions of the manufacturing combustion category emissions increased in the nonmetropolitan areas. Therefore, in the case of collecting energy facilities and the manufacturing burning facilities planned in the local cities in Korea, it is necessary to consider the filterable particulate matter, and condensable particulate matter emission amount.
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A sedimentation furnace was employed as a combustion device to study the characteristics of primary particulate matter formed after the burning of pulverized coal of different particulate diameters.Under an oxidizing atmosphere at 1100℃ pulverized coal of different particulate diameters was burned.With the help of an Andersen particulate striking device the particulate samples were separated and collected after combustion.It can be shown that the combustion of pulverized coal of relatively small particulate diameter can yield a greater quantity of fine particulates and produce a vast amount of sub-micron particulates.An analysis has revealed that this is caused by the different approaches whereby the particulate matter was produced.The results of the scanning of samples by an electronic microscope indicates that after the combustion of pulverized coal of two different particulate diameters the resulting products of approximately equal size may assume different appearances.Through an analysis the process of the formation of particulate matter following the burning of pulverized coal of two different particulate diameters was revealed.By utilizing the results thus obtained the authors have come up with a concept of environment-compatible pulverized coal fineness.
Pulverized coal-fired boiler
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Sewage from residential areas often contains viruses pathogenic for man and significant amounts are probably associated with solids in sewage sludge. Information on the survival of viruses in sewage sludge is necessary in order to develop guidelines for recycling programmes that involve spreading the sludge on land. In the present study, a number of enteroviruses were added to sewage sludge and the artificially contaminated sludges were tested for viruses at intervals over a 12-week period. Most of the viruses survived for many weeks at room temperature. It is clear that sewage sludge destined for land application should be adequately treated for virus inactivation. In interpreting these results, it should be borne in mind that the survival of hepatitis A virus might be similar. Recent reports about the reappearance of poliomyelitis in regions with immunization programmes should also be taken into consideration.
Sewage sludge
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