CORAL BLEACHING, KARANG HIDUP ATAU MATI?
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Abstract:
Coral reef ecosystem is one of the coastal marine ecosystems in tropical waters. Coral reef ecosystems are vulnerable to damage mainly due to environmental factors. A fairly popular event of coral reef damage is coral bleaching. Mass coral bleaching is generally caused by changes in Sea Surface Temperature (SST). The condition of corals that have bleaching is different from the condition of corals that have died. The recovery process from coral bleaching phenomena can be effectively carried out if the surrounding environment is supportive and sea surface temperature return stable. The phenomenon of coral bleaching is a real indicator of the environmental stresses that occur on coral reefs. This paper will explain about coral bleaching, the factors that cause coral bleaching, and whether the bleaching coral reefs mean alive or dead.Keywords:
Coral bleaching
Aquaculture of coral
Coral reef organizations
Marine ecosystem
Atoll
Coral bleaching
Ocean Acidification
Aquaculture of coral
Marine ecosystem
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Aquaculture of coral
Coral reef organizations
Fringing reef
Coral bleaching
Atoll
Marine ecosystem
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Coral reefs have served as a source of many useful products for humankind for ages. The most important product is fish. Exploitation of reef resources during the early twentieth century did not have much discernible negative effects on coral reef ecosystems in some parts of Southeast Asia (e.g. some areas in central Philippines), probably because of the small numbers of people exploiting the resources. This situation has changed dramatically. Human-induced stresses exacerbated by occasional natural perturbations such as coral bleaching and infestations of crown-of-thorns starfish threaten the survival of coral reef ecosystems. It is estimated that 30% of coral reefs has already been severely damaged and close to 60% may be lost by 2030 (Wilkinson, 2004). The 20000 km2 of Philippine coral reefs are no exception. Destructive fishing and sedimentation have taken a heavy toll of this fragile ecosystem. Only about 30% of coral reef stations surveyed remain in good to excellent condition (Gomez et al., 1994).
Coral reef organizations
Aquaculture of coral
Coral bleaching
Marine ecosystem
Bioerosion
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Ocean Acidification
Aquaculture of coral
Marine ecosystem
Coral bleaching
Marine Biodiversity
Coral reef organizations
Marine protected area
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Coral reefs are the most productive ecosystems on Earth. They ensure the conservation of biodiversity and are a live habitat for 25% of all marine organisms. The main relationship on the coral reef is the symbiosis between corals and algae from the genus Symbiodinium (commonly called zooxanthellae). The authors of this publication have characterized and described the factors limiting the occurrence of coral reefs, including: water temperature, salinity, access to sunlight, contamination, physicochemical and hydromechanical parameters of water. Moreover anthropogenic threats to coral reefs have been specified, including diving tourism, ecological disasters (e.g. oil spills) and the development of marine aquaristics. Rapid changes in the basic living conditions are dangerous for corals and their symbionts and may cause the unsuitability of the new environment resulting in diseases such as coral bleaching. Corals bleaching is a disease associated with the break of the coral and algae relationship which results in a coral reef death on a global scale. Awareness of these negative factors, often related to human activity, may allow us to better understand the ecological processes that are the basis of reef functioning and might enable us to prevent and oppose to the changes and ecological recessions of coral reefs.
Aquaculture of coral
Coral bleaching
Coral reef organizations
Zooxanthellae
Marine ecosystem
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Coral reef ecosystem is one of the coastal marine ecosystems in tropical waters. Coral reef ecosystems are vulnerable to damage mainly due to environmental factors. A fairly popular event of coral reef damage is coral bleaching. Mass coral bleaching is generally caused by changes in Sea Surface Temperature (SST). The condition of corals that have bleaching is different from the condition of corals that have died. The recovery process from coral bleaching phenomena can be effectively carried out if the surrounding environment is supportive and sea surface temperature return stable. The phenomenon of coral bleaching is a real indicator of the environmental stresses that occur on coral reefs. This paper will explain about coral bleaching, the factors that cause coral bleaching, and whether the bleaching coral reefs mean alive or dead.
Coral bleaching
Aquaculture of coral
Coral reef organizations
Marine ecosystem
Cite
Citations (1)
The coral reef ecosystem is one of the typical tropical ecosystems with high biodiversity which has an important role both biologically, ecologically, physically as well as socially and economically. Several coral reef areas in Indonesia were reported to have suffered damage, not only due to climate change which has an impact on rising sea surface temperatures and ocean acidification but also due to anthropogenic factors and irresponsible management of marine tourism. This study aimed to analyze the condition of coral reefs based on covering in Pramuka Island, which is one of the famous tourist destinations in the Seribu Islands. The study was conducted using Line Intercept Transect (LIT) method at predetermined coordinate points. The results showed that the dominant coral reef life form was Acropora Submassive (ACS), namely 18.9%, and Acropora Branching (ACB) as much as 12.48%. Besides, the types of life forms found were coral foliase (9.42%), Miliepora Coral (9.2%), Coral Massive (4.8%), Acropora Encrustring (4.24%), and so on. Based on the results of this study, it can be concluded that the condition of coral reefs in Pramuka Island is still relatively good with a total coral cover percentage of 72.38%. Efforts to protect the coral reef ecosystem in this area need to be considered so that its condition can be maintained.
Acropora
Coral reef organizations
Marine ecosystem
Aquaculture of coral
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Bioerosion
Coral reef organizations
Ocean Acidification
Aquaculture of coral
Marine ecosystem
Coral bleaching
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Coral reefs are one of the most biologically diverse ecosystems on the Earth. Besides their great ecological importance, they are also of considerable importance for human societies. In recent time, a lot has been written and told about threats for these marine ecosystems, especially about coral reef bleaching. The aim of this work is presentation of coral reef bleaching issues. Global climate change leads to increasing temperatures that are the main cause of more frequent and more severe mass coral bleaching events. During these events, corals eject algal symbionts of genus Symbiodinium (zooxanthellae) from their tissues and this leads to the breakdown of symbiosis. Corals typically experience high mortality during severe coral bleaching events. Besides corals and zooxanthellae, bleaching also affects a lot of other organisms that live on coral reefs. More frequent and more intense coral reef bleaching events are predicted in the coming decades. It is purely clear that coral bleaching will be a severe threat to continued coral survival for the next 30-50 years even under the most optimistic climate scenarios. Corals can respond to higher temperatures through adaption and acclimation. However, the critical question is whether corals can respond to higher temperature quickly enough to keep up with global warming.
Zooxanthellae
Coral bleaching
Aquaculture of coral
Symbiodinium
Coral reef organizations
Marine ecosystem
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Coral reefs can better recover from bleaching events when stresses resulting from human activities are minimized. [Also see Report by Gilmour et al. ]
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