Prominence of environmental and anthropogenic agents on the occurrence of coral reef bleaching syndrome and coral diseases
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Coral reefs are the most productive ecosystems on Earth. They ensure the conservation of biodiversity and are a live habitat for 25% of all marine organisms. The main relationship on the coral reef is the symbiosis between corals and algae from the genus Symbiodinium (commonly called zooxanthellae). The authors of this publication have characterized and described the factors limiting the occurrence of coral reefs, including: water temperature, salinity, access to sunlight, contamination, physicochemical and hydromechanical parameters of water. Moreover anthropogenic threats to coral reefs have been specified, including diving tourism, ecological disasters (e.g. oil spills) and the development of marine aquaristics. Rapid changes in the basic living conditions are dangerous for corals and their symbionts and may cause the unsuitability of the new environment resulting in diseases such as coral bleaching. Corals bleaching is a disease associated with the break of the coral and algae relationship which results in a coral reef death on a global scale. Awareness of these negative factors, often related to human activity, may allow us to better understand the ecological processes that are the basis of reef functioning and might enable us to prevent and oppose to the changes and ecological recessions of coral reefs.Keywords:
Aquaculture of coral
Coral bleaching
Coral reef organizations
Zooxanthellae
Marine ecosystem
Coral bleaching
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Abstract Coral reefs have a very important function in maintaining the balance of marine ecosystems, but the pressure of anthropogenic activity can damage the coral reef ecosystem. This research aims to analyses the activities and behaviors of communities that cause damage to the coral reefs of the small island Island waters of the Spermonde Islands. This study was conducted on 8 small islands of the Spermonde Islands using a qualitative descriptive approach. The results showed that anthropogenic activity conducted by the small islands, tends not to be environmentally friendly. As a result there is damage and reduced living coral reefs are quite large. It’s been identified there are 13 island community activities that could damage the coral reef ecosystem. In order to support the sustainability and existence of coral reefs, it is a must that every stakeholders for having collaboration in the management of the community-based coral reefs.
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Aquaculture of coral
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An estimated value of 500 million of the population are directly benefited through coral reefs related jobs, food and defence of coastal areas. Coral reefs help to reduce wave energy by 97%. They help to protect the coastal areas from storms, floods and wave energy by 97%. Natural disasters such as Tsunami and erosion of coastal areas are protected by reefs. In this process, they help to protect the lives of many staying in the coastal areas including animals, properties, and other natural resources. There are reasons for reef deterioration like change of climate, high pollution, destructive fishing, bleaching of coral reefs is a big concern now worldwide. Severe coral bleaching is also reported in India. A significant rise in the surface temperature of Sea has become a critical reason for coral bleaching. This work attempts to Study the link between sustainability , SDG goals of 2030 given by United Nations and coral bleaching. In this work study period is focused from 1985 to 2021 in the Indian coral reef bleaching areas.
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Coral reefs are vital ecosystems, providing a source of income, food and coastal protection for millions of people. Pollution, habitat destruction, disease and unsustainable fishing have led to declines in reef condition throughout the world. Added to this, the threat of mass coral bleaching has recently emerged, causing extensive coral mortality to nearly every coral reef region. Efforts have now begun to improve the prospects of coral reefs by identifying resilient areas, enhancing their protection, and implementing strategies to support ecosystem resilience. This guide brings together the latest scientific knowledge and management experience to assist managers in responding effectively to mass coral bleaching events. It is designed to provide pragmatic, science-based suggestions for adaptive management in this time of change.
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Photo 1. Seringapatam reef, within the Scott system of reefs, rises from hundreds of meters depth near the edge of northwest Australia’s continental shelf. Having escaped the chronic pressures degrading other reefs around the world, these oceanic reefs are increasingly affected by recurrent heat stress and coral bleaching. Photo credit: Nick Thake. Photo 2. During the first global coral bleaching event in 1998, coral cover across the Scott reefs was reduced by ~80%. Given their isolation and the lack of larval connectivity to other reefs in the region, recovery was predicted take decades. Photo credit: Luke Smith. Photo 3. Twelve years after (2010) the 1998 mass bleaching, the Scott reefs had largely returned to their previous cover and diversity. Recovery was faster than expected due to high growth and survival of coral recruits, thanks to healthy fish stocks, good water quality, and the lack of heat stress and coral bleaching for more than a decade. However, not all coral groups had fully recovered and ocean temperatures had continued to increase. Photo credit: James Gilmour. Photo 4. Following moderate bleaching in 2010, 2011, and 2013, the Scott reefs were again affected by extreme heat stress and mass bleaching in 2016. Most of the branching corals that provided structure critical to fish and other reef-associated organisms were again lost, with smaller reductions in the more massive and encrusting corals. Photo credit: James Gilmour. Photo 5. Five years (2021) after the 2016 mass bleaching, coral recruits were evident at many sites. However, the corals that had not fully recovered from the 1998 mass bleaching were absent from most sites and many of the new recruits were “weedy” species that are more susceptible to ongoing temperature increases. Indeed, patchy bleaching was observed in 2021 and recurrent heat stress had occurred during most recent years (2017, 2019, and 2020). As the frequency of mass bleaching increases, and the window for recovery decreases, even our healthiest coral reefs will transition to a chronically degraded state. Photo credit: James Gilmour. These photographs illustrate the article “A tale of two reef systems: local conditions, disturbances, coral life histories, and the climate catastrophe” by James P. Gilmour, Kylie L. Cook, Nicole M. Ryan, Marjetta L. Puotinen, Rebecca H. Green and Andrew J. Heyward published in Ecological Applications. https://doi.org/10.1002/eap.2509.
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Coral reef ecosystems are particularly vulnerable to global climate change, owing to extreme environmental sensitivities and consequent bleaching of reef-building scleractinian corals. Severe coral bleaching often kills scleractinian coral, leading to longer-term declines in habitat and topographic complexity. The loss of corals, and corresponding changes in habitat quality, also has a significant effect on coral reef fishes. Coral loss has the greatest and most immediate effect on fishes that depend on live corals for food or shelter. Many coral-reef fishes that do not depend directly on live coral are nonetheless dependent on the topographic complexity provided by healthy coral growth. Sustained and ongoing climate change thus poses a significant threat to coral reef ecosystems and urgent action is required to minimize future effects of climate change and maximize resilience of coral reef ecosystems.
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Coral reefs worldwide are facing impacts from climate change, overfishing, habitat destruction, and pollution. The cumulative effect of these impacts on global capacity of coral reefs to provide ecosystem services is unknown. Here, we evaluate global changes in extent of coral reef habitat, coral reef fishery catches and effort, Indigenous consumption of coral reef fishes, and coral-reef-associated biodiversity. Global coverage of living coral has declined by half since the 1950s. Catches of coral-reef-associated fishes peaked in 2002 and are in decline despite increasing fishing effort, and catch-per-unit effort has decreased by 60% since 1950. At least 63% of coral-reef-associated biodiversity has declined with loss of coral extent. With projected continued degradation of coral reefs and associated loss of biodiversity and fisheries catches, the well-being and sustainable coastal development of human communities that depend on coral reef ecosystem services are threatened.
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Coral reefs are one of the most biologically diverse ecosystems on the Earth. Besides their great ecological importance, they are also of considerable importance for human societies. In recent time, a lot has been written and told about threats for these marine ecosystems, especially about coral reef bleaching. The aim of this work is presentation of coral reef bleaching issues. Global climate change leads to increasing temperatures that are the main cause of more frequent and more severe mass coral bleaching events. During these events, corals eject algal symbionts of genus Symbiodinium (zooxanthellae) from their tissues and this leads to the breakdown of symbiosis. Corals typically experience high mortality during severe coral bleaching events. Besides corals and zooxanthellae, bleaching also affects a lot of other organisms that live on coral reefs. More frequent and more intense coral reef bleaching events are predicted in the coming decades. It is purely clear that coral bleaching will be a severe threat to continued coral survival for the next 30-50 years even under the most optimistic climate scenarios. Corals can respond to higher temperatures through adaption and acclimation. However, the critical question is whether corals can respond to higher temperature quickly enough to keep up with global warming.
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Aquaculture of coral
Symbiodinium
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