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    Quantifying Groundwater Discharge and Streambed Heat Flux in Fortune Creek, British Columbia, Using Time Series of Streambed Temperature Profiles
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    Stream thermal regimes are controlled by the interactions of external and internal energy fluxes with the water in the channel. Solar radiation is typically the dominant driver of stream water temperature, but streambed heat fluxes can be important in forested headwater streams. Past studies have presented seemingly disparate formulae for quantifying streambed heat advection from upwelling groundwater. This note details the sources of the differences in these alternative formulations. The equations illustrate the difficulties of attempting to isolate the thermal influence of groundwater–surface water interactions and highlight future research opportunities. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    We hypothesized that the spatial distribution of groundwater inflows through river bottom sediments is a critical factor associated with the selection of coaster brook trout (a life history variant of Salvelinus fontinalis,) spawning sites. An 80-m reach of the Salmon Trout River, in the Huron Mountains of the upper peninsula of Michigan, was selected to test the hypothesis based on long-term documentation of coaster brook trout spawning at this site. Throughout this site, the river is relatively similar along its length with regard to stream channel and substrate features. A monitoring well system consisting of an array of 27 wells was installed to measure subsurface temperatures underneath the riverbed over a 13-month period. The monitoring well locations were separated into areas where spawning has and has not been observed.
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