Estimation of vertical groundwater fluxes into a streambed through continuous temperature profile monitoring and the relationship of groundwater fluxes to coaster brook trout spawning habitat
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We hypothesized that the spatial distribution of groundwater inflows through river bottom sediments is a critical factor associated with the selection of coaster brook trout (a life history variant of Salvelinus fontinalis,) spawning sites. An 80-m reach of the Salmon Trout River, in the Huron Mountains of the upper peninsula of Michigan, was selected to test the hypothesis based on long-term documentation of coaster brook trout spawning at this site. Throughout this site, the river is relatively similar along its length with regard to stream channel and substrate features. A monitoring well system consisting of an array of 27 wells was installed to measure subsurface temperatures underneath the riverbed over a 13-month period. The monitoring well locations were separated into areas where spawning has and has not been observed.Keywords:
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Movement of brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) in four small subalpine streams in northern Colorado
Abstract We studied the movement of brook trout ( Salvelinus fontinalis ) in four small streams in northern Colorado using mark‐recapture methods and weirs. The recapture rates of marked adult trout were low for all streams, and large numbers of unmarked adult trout, apparently immigrants, were found each year. Significantly more trout, immigrated into sections that were experimentally modified by installing low log dams, which increased depth, pool volume and the amount of overhead cover. The number of immigrant and resident trout was significantly related to the amount of cover in the sections. Resident trout were larger than immigrants in all streams in the last year of sampling. Most mobile brook trout moved upstream during summer on the two streams where weirs were operated, and upstream migrants were significantly larger than downstream migrants on both streams. We suggest that a high degree of movement may be an adaptive response by brook trout to the heterogeneous nature of small mountain streams.
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Invasions of non-native brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) have the potential for upstream displacement or elimination of bull trout (Salvelinus confluentus) and other native species already threatened by habitat loss. We summarized the distribution and number of bull trout in samples from 12 streams with and without brook trout in central Idaho and used hierarchical regression analysis to consider whether brook trout have displaced bull trout along gradients of temperature and elevation. Brook trout generally were observed in higher numbers downstream of bull trout. Brook trout presence, number, and both temperature and elevation were important variables explaining the observed distributions and number of bull trout among streams. Our analyses support the hypothesis that brook trout have displaced bull trout, but results were highly variable and stream dependent. Although brook trout appeared to have displaced bull trout to higher elevations or colder temperatures, there was no clear influence on overall number of bull trout. Brook trout probably do influence bull trout populations and facilitate if not cause local extinctions, but threats probably vary strongly with environmental conditions. Bull trout in smaller streams could be more vulnerable than those in larger streams.
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Production by brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) in four infertile streams on the Canadian Precambrian Shield was estimated to be between 14.5 and 66.4 kg/ha per yr during 3 successive yr of study (1971–73). These values represent the range of total fish flesh elaborated annually in these streams because trout was the only species present. Differences between streams in annual production and P: B ratios arose from variations in stream cover (and its effect on carrying capacity), recruitment, and total biomass. Variations in age-specific growth rates were not critical. Production in the two most productive streams was judged to be controlled by food, while in the other two streams lack of suitable cover for adult trout limited production.
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No well-defined changes in growth and survival rates of native brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) were detected during a 13-yr period when non-trout species were removed from a small Adirondack Mountain stream using fixed traps located throughout the system. The catch of non-trout species was about 124,000 weighing 2000 kg, and of trout, 13,000, weighing 500 kg. Slow growth characterized the population through this time, with mean lengths of 13.2, 17.3, and 21.3 cm at ages I+, II+, and III+, respectively. The weighted annual survival rate for ages II–V was 18%, with most deaths due to natural causes. The most striking observation was virtual cessation of movement of both trout and non-trout species after 7 yr, suggesting that the removal program had an effect on population behavior, even if it was not reflected in an improvement in trout growth.
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a reduction in the number of melanophores which were at one time present on the yolk-sac. This is explained by the expansion of the embryo and the reduction in the size of the yolk-sac, melanophores being transferred from the yolk-sac onto the body of the embryo. There is no indication of the aggregation of yolk-sac melanophores about the vitelline vessels such as has been described in Fundulus heteroclitus.
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Brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) showed both in-season and repeat homing to spawning tributaries of Matamek Lake, Quebec. Of 283 trout clipped from Gallienne Creek and Kaikhosru Creek during August and September, 1971, 31.1% returned to the homestreams to spawn in 1972. During July and August, 1972, 450 trout were tagged and displaced from these two streams and released at three points (0.20–4.50 km) in the lake. Of these fish, 44.0% homed, 0.2% strayed to the opposite stream and the remainder were unaccounted for. Percentage returns from the deepwater release point was much lower than returns from the two inshore release points, and average return time was proportional to the distance from the homestream.
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A method was developed for selecting hybrid trout for deep-swimming ability, for use in a breeding program to combine in one strain the early-maturing character of brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) with the deep-swimming ability of lake trout (S. namaycush). The method involves testing hybrids in pressure tanks and selecting individuals that, like lake trout, retain most of their swimbladder gas during the test period. For a sample of F 2 hybrids the range of pressures at which the fish floated when anaesthetized was almost entirely between the medians for samples of the two parent species. Successive tests of marked individuals showed good repeatability of flotation measurements. The method is concluded to be reliable for large-scale selection of fish with ability to retain swimbladder gas.
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