Impact of Near-Stream Ground Water Pumping on Streambed Fluxes
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Stream thermal regimes are controlled by the interactions of external and internal energy fluxes with the water in the channel. Solar radiation is typically the dominant driver of stream water temperature, but streambed heat fluxes can be important in forested headwater streams. Past studies have presented seemingly disparate formulae for quantifying streambed heat advection from upwelling groundwater. This note details the sources of the differences in these alternative formulations. The equations illustrate the difficulties of attempting to isolate the thermal influence of groundwater–surface water interactions and highlight future research opportunities. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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At present there are few reliable estimates of hydrologic fluxes between groundwater and surface water in the Everglades. This gap in hydrological investigations not only leaves the water budget of the Everglades uncertain, it also hampers progress in understanding the processes that determine mobility and transformation of contaminants, such as mercury, sulfate and nutrients. The objective of this project is to quantify hydrologic exchange fluxes between groundwater and surface water and its effects on transport of contaminants in the Everglades. The research furthermore relates surface water and ground water interactions to past, present, and proposed management of surface-water levels and flows in the Everglades. The principal research sites are the Everglades Nutrient Removal Project (ENR), Water Conservation Area 2A (WCA-2A), and the freshwater wetlands of Everglades National Park. Results are being used to quantify ground-water exchange with surface flow, and to quantify the enhancement of chemical transformations of contaminants during transport across the interface between surface water and ground water. Two data sets are available for this project. The Northern Everglades Research Site and Sample Information data set contains a summary of the site locations, data types, and measurement periods in ENR, WCA2A, and WCA2B. The Seepage Meters Site and Sample Information data set contains vertical fluxes across wetland peat surface measured by seepage meters at research sites in ENR, WCA2A, WCA2B, and WCA3A. Additional data can be found in the appendices of the Open-File Reports 00-168 and 00-483.
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The Oregon Department of Environmental Quality is developing Total Maximum Daily Loads to address water quality concerns and threatened and endangered species habitat requirements. Approximately 940 water body segments are listed as water quality limited for temperature in Oregon. CE-QUAL-W2 Version 3 is a two-dimensional water quality and hydrodynamic model capable of modeling rivers, reservoirs and estuaries. An important aspect of modeling stream temperature is handling the short-wave solar radiation that penetrates the water surface and impacts the streambed, which can affect water temperatures under low-flow conditions. The Bull Run River-Reservoir system is a 264 km2 watershed 42 km east of downtown Portland and serves as the city's primary drinking water source. A dynamic, three-dimensional streambed heat transfer model was developed and calibrated with field data from the Lower Bull Run River and laboratory experiment data. Model results compared well to field data from bedrock and cobble substrates. The model calibration for the cobble substrate revealed the substrate interstitial water temperature played a large role in the substrate temperatures and was necessary to calibrate the model. The streambed heating model compared welt with the laboratory experiments' data in many cases. The model was compared to two analytical models and a one-dimensional model for various application cases and performed well.
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