Status of Coral Health and Disease in Kessilampe Waters, Kendari, South East Sulawesi
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Diseases of coral reef organisms have become a global threat to coral reefs and a major cause of reef deterioration. The presence of coral diseases influence marine resources productivity that interact with coral reefs. The purpose of this research is to identify coral disease types and prevalence which include coral health compromiser. Data collection was done by using 40 m2 belt transects at three observation stations. The result showed that the White Syndrome (WS), Bleaching, Ulcerative White Spot (UWS), Skeleton Eroding Band (SEB), White Patch (WP), and Non Focal Bleaching were found at research sites, while the coral health compromisers were Sediment damage, fish bite, invertebrate galls, flatworm infestation, and pigmentation response. In addition disease of White Syndrome (WS), Bleaching, and Ulcerative White Spot (UWS) were the main disease with prevalence of disease is approximately 4%, while the others were lower than 1%. Overall the prevalence of diseases (14,52%) is higher than compromise health (13,98%). A total of 186 coral colonies observed with 27 colonies were affected by diseases. Meanwhile, the waters quality (salinity, pH, and nitrate) were below the threshold quality standards for marine aquatic animal and not supported of coral organism was presume organisms against pathogens bacterial. Although the prevalence of coral disease is still in normal condition but the decrease of water quality can lead the risk. Good management is required from local government to improve the water quality especially from terrestrial impact.Keywords:
Coral bleaching
Abstract Throughout their entire global range coral reefs are in decline. Coral bleaching, macroalgal overgrowth and coral diseases — responses signaling the declining health of coral reefs — have occurred with increasing frequency and intensity in recent decades. Decreased calcification may also be affecting coral reefs over longer time scales. Declines in coral reef health have been attributed to various natural and anthropogenic processes, but assignment of causality has proved problematic. Coral bleaching has been observed during extreme climate events such as El Niño; furthermore, there are indications that exposure to UV radiation, air, infectious microbes, and elevated temperature plays a role in the dramatic increase of coral bleaching since the mid-1970s. Macroalgal overgrowth is usually ascribed to eutrophi-cation and coral diseases to weakening of the coral host resistance by anthropogenic pollution. An issue precluding a strict anthropogenic cause of coral reef decline is that both overgrowth and coral diseases are known to occur, although less frequently, on reefs remote from human development. While its causes are still being unraveled, the overall decline in coral reef health sends an unambiguous signal that the coral reef system is losing its ability to withstand sudden or persistent environmental changes. Keywords: coral bleachingcalcificationmacroalgal overgrowthcoral diseasecoral pathogensEl NiñoNorth Atlantic OscillationArctic Oscillationclimate variability.
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Coral bleaching events are of concern globally because of their adverse effect on the coral reef ecosystem. However, there is a lack of observed bleaching in many coral reefs in Vietnam, leading to difficulty in implementing the suitable management and protection solutions. The study aims to provide general information about coral bleaching in ST and CLC basing on bleaching alerts of NOAA Coral Reef Watch in 2019. Field data was collected by a photographic method for analyzing and classifying bleached coral. The results showed that coral reefs experienced low bleaching by an average of 8.86% and 9.09% in ST and CLC, respectively. In addition, the study broadly identified the relationship of sea surface temperature and Degree Heating Weeks to coral bleaching in the study area.
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Coral reef ecosystem is one of the coastal marine ecosystems in tropical waters. Coral reef ecosystems are vulnerable to damage mainly due to environmental factors. A fairly popular event of coral reef damage is coral bleaching. Mass coral bleaching is generally caused by changes in Sea Surface Temperature (SST). The condition of corals that have bleaching is different from the condition of corals that have died. The recovery process from coral bleaching phenomena can be effectively carried out if the surrounding environment is supportive and sea surface temperature return stable. The phenomenon of coral bleaching is a real indicator of the environmental stresses that occur on coral reefs. This paper will explain about coral bleaching, the factors that cause coral bleaching, and whether the bleaching coral reefs mean alive or dead.
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Mass bleaching is a stress response of corals subjected to warmer‐than‐normal seawater temperatures during the warm season. During 1997–98 there were unprecedented numbers of reports of bleaching on many of the world's coral reefs. Observational evidence suggests an increase in frequency of mass coral bleaching events since the late 1970s. Two indices of warm season sea surface temperatures (SSTs; SST maximum anomaly and degree‐months) are presented for 47 reef sites where bleaching occurred during 1997–98. The level of thermal stress at the vast majority of these coral reef sites during 1997–98 was unmatched in the period 1903–99. Warm season SSTs at these coral reef sites have significantly warmed over this period and the frequency of warm season SST extremes has increased since the late 1970s. Continued warming of tropical SSTs, as is likely due to the enhanced greenhouse effect, will increase the level of thermal stress to coral reefs. Increased frequency of bleaching events will reduce corals' capacity to recover and may significantly alter the make‐up of present day coral reef ecosystems.
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The world’s coral reefs are being degraded, and the need to reduce local pressures to offset the effects of increasing global pressures is now widely recognized. This study investigates the spatial and temporal dynamics of coral cover, identifies the main drivers of coral mortality, and quantifies the rates of potential recovery of the Great Barrier Reef. Based on the world’s most extensive time series data on reef condition (2,258 surveys of 214 reefs over 1985–2012), we show a major decline in coral cover from 28.0% to 13.8% (0.53% y −1 ), a loss of 50.7% of initial coral cover. Tropical cyclones, coral predation by crown-of-thorns starfish (COTS), and coral bleaching accounted for 48%, 42%, and 10% of the respective estimated losses, amounting to 3.38% y −1 mortality rate. Importantly, the relatively pristine northern region showed no overall decline. The estimated rate of increase in coral cover in the absence of cyclones, COTS, and bleaching was 2.85% y −1 , demonstrating substantial capacity for recovery of reefs. In the absence of COTS, coral cover would increase at 0.89% y −1 , despite ongoing losses due to cyclones and bleaching. Thus, reducing COTS populations, by improving water quality and developing alternative control measures, could prevent further coral decline and improve the outlook for the Great Barrier Reef. Such strategies can, however, only be successful if climatic conditions are stabilized, as losses due to bleaching and cyclones will otherwise increase.
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Abstract Tropical corals live close to their upper thermal limit making them vulnerable to unusually warm summer sea temperatures. The resulting thermal stress can lead to breakdown of the coral-algal symbiosis, essential for the functioning of reefs, and cause coral bleaching. Mass coral bleaching is a modern phenomenon associated with increases in reef temperatures due to recent global warming. Widespread bleaching has typically occurred during El Niño events. We examine the historical level of stress for 100 coral reef locations with robust bleaching histories. The level of thermal stress (based on a degree heating month index, DHMI) at these locations during the 2015–2016 El Niño was unprecedented over the period 1871–2017 and exceeded that of the strong 1997–1998 El Niño. The DHMI was also 5 times the level of thermal stress associated with the ‘pre-industrial’, 1877–1878, El Niño. Coral reefs have, therefore, already shown their vulnerability to the modest (~0.92 °C) global warming that has occurred to date. Estimates of future levels of thermal stress suggest that even the optimistic 1.5 °C Paris Agreement target is insufficient to prevent more frequent mass bleaching events for the world’s reefs. Effectively, reefs of the future will not be the same as those of the past.
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