Genetic interrelationship among cowpea varieties elucidatedthrough morphometric, RAPD and SSR analyses
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The genetic interrelationship among all the popular vegetable cowpea varieties cultivated in Kerala was investigated through morphometric, RAPD and SSR analyses. High polymorphism was observed in RAPD (88.0 per cent of bands were polymorphic) and SSR (80.0 per cent of bands were polymorphic) analyses. Dendrogram based on morphological parameters has divided the genotypes into two main clusters which truncated at 68.0 per cent similarity, with purple and green poded varieties segregating into separate clusters. Morphometric analysis was successful to group the varieties with determinate and indeterminate growth habits whereas, RAPD and SSR markers could not make a clear division. However, distinction was apparent between purple poded and green poded types and purple poded varieties viz Vyjayanthi and Varun exhibited high similarity with each other in SSR analysis (80.0 per cent) when compared to RAPD (77.0 per cent). Dendrogram of pooled data of SSR and RAPD analyses has revealed maximum similarity between Vyjayanthi and Varun (77.0 per cent).Keywords:
Dendrogram
Similarity (geometry)
Genetic similarity
Genetic relationship
A molecular characterization of wild and commercial African oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq) and of American oil palm (elaeis oleifera) belonging to commercial plantations was performed, using microsatellite markers. The aim was to estimate possible differences and/or genetic similarities among the different materials. The analysis of the information was performed by generating a similarity matrix among individuals using the genetic similarity coefficient of Nei and Li (1979). With the resulting data a dendrogram was built using the upgma grouping method. The dendrogram and the multiple correspondence analyses, made with samples of E. guineensis from different commercial seed producers show the formation of three groups. Groups A and B clustered materials produced by commercial seed producers in Malaysia, France, Costa Rica and Colombia, showing a high degree of genetic similarity. The group C is made up of interspecific hybrids (OxG). The materials E. guineensis from the Republic of Cameroon, showed a genetic similarity index 55 per cent, indicating a high genetic variability, but a clear association between geographical origin and the resulting groups could not been established. In the dendrogram and principal coordinate analysis of the samples of American oil palm E. oleifera, the conformation of two groups associated with their geographical origin site was observed. The materials presented site-specific alleles and low genetic similarity (44 per cent) among them.
Dendrogram
Elaeis guineensis
UPGMA
Genetic similarity
Similarity (geometry)
Genetic relationship
Genetic distance
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Molecular variations among different accessions 15 Jatropha curcas accessions were carried out. The RAPD analysis of accessions showed that the five decamer primers produced a total of 27 scorable bands. Out of them 18 were polymorphic and 9 were monomorphic. The percentage of polymorphism ranged from maximum 77.78 % showed by OPF-08 to a minimum of 60.00 % by OPF-3, OPF-5 and OPF-10. Lowest genetic similarity (0.333) was observed between accessions No. 9 and 1 and 9 and 3 and the highest genetic similarity (1.000) was among various accessions including 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14 and 15. The dendrogram of fifteen accessions reflected that at a similarity level of 70.00 %, the accessions were divided in two clusters. The accession No. 9 was found in second cluster having minimum similarity within other accessions whereas rests of accessions were laid in first cluster.
Dendrogram
Jatropha curcas
Genetic similarity
Similarity (geometry)
Genetic relationship
Jatropha
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Chickpea is a food legume which is alleged to be a preferred source of protein next only to milk. Germplasm of cultivated chickpea available is deficient in desired genetic variation. Genetic manipulations therefore, necessitate the genetic exploitation of its related annual and wild species. 42 RAPD and 41 ISSR markers were employed to ascertain polymorphism across 20 genotypes which were collected from 10 different geographical areas of the world. RAPD marker detected 51% genetic polymorphisms while ISSR marker detected 54 %. With an average of 6.5 each RAPD primer amplified 5—8 bands. Similarly with an average of 7.9 each ISSR primer amplified 4—12 bands. The cluster dendrogram demonstrated a similarity coefficient range from 0.80 to 0.92 due to RAPD markers, whereas with ISSR primers the cluster dendrogram showed similarity coefficient of 0.60 to 1.00. Accessions from same geographical area seem to be genetically similar than those from geographically distant and isolated ones. When however compared, interestingly the ISSR dendrogram showed more correlation with pedigree data than the RAPD dendrogram. The variability index worked out in the present study ranges from 0.79 to 0.96. Since the ultimate reason for such studies is selection of diverse genetic accessions for their recommendation to breeding programmers, the accessions like ICC6263, ICC6306 and ICC17160 can be recommended as parents. Further breeding programmes can therefore be planned to procure additional variation complexes in chickpea genetic stocks.
Dendrogram
Germ plasm
Genetic similarity
Genetic relationship
Similarity (geometry)
Genetic Variability
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Genetic similarity among soybean genotypes was studied by applying the amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) technique to 317 soybean cultivars released in Brazil from 1962 to 1998. Genetic similarity (GS) coefficients were estimated using the coefficient of Nei and Li (Nei and Li 1979), and the cultivars were clustered using the unweighted pair-group method with averages (UPGMA). The parentage coefficients of 100 cultivars released between 1984 and 1998 were calculated and correlated with the genetic similarity obtained by the markers. The genetic similarity coefficients varied from 0.17 to 0.97 (x = 0.61), with 56.8% of the coefficients being above 0.60 and only 9.7% equal to or less than 0.50. The similarity coefficients have remained constant during the last three decades. Dendrogram interpretation was hindered by the large number of cultivars used, but it was possible to detect groups of cultivars formed as expected from their genealogy. Another dendrogram, composed of 63 cultivars, allowed a better interpretation of the groups. Parentage coefficients among the 100 cultivars varied from zero to one (x = 0.21). However, no significant correlation (r = 0.12) was detected among the parentage coefficients and the AFLP genetic similarity. The results show the efficiency of AFLP markers in large scale studies of genetic similarity and are discussed in relation to soybean breeding in Brazil.
Dendrogram
Genetic similarity
UPGMA
Similarity (geometry)
Genetic relationship
Genetic distance
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Objective Genetic diversity and affinity relationships among 13 species of Dendrobium Sw.were analyzed,the result laid a solid foundation for the better use of this resources.Methods Random amplified polymorphic DNA(RAPD) technique was used to analyze genetic diversity,and the dendrogram was constructed by UPGMA.Results Ten RAPD primers were applied to do random amplification.A total of 188 DNA bands was detected,180 among which were polymorphic,the average rate of polymorphic bands was 95.74%.The result of cluster analysis by using UPGMA method showed that 13 genotypes could be classified into three types in genetic distance 0.63.This outcome was corresponding to the result by using traditional classification.Conclusion It is concluded that RAPD markers can be used on the studies of genetic relationships and classification of species of Dendrobium Sw.sensitively.
UPGMA
Dendrogram
Dendrobium
Genetic relationship
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The molecular evaluation of twelve chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) varieties (screened for their resistance to fusarium wilt) at the Department of Plant Pathology and Agriculture Microbiology in 2014-15 was conducted to assess the genetic diversity and relationship of chickpea genotypes using RAPD. Twenty five primers of RAPD were used of which 15 primers gave amplification products. A total 349 amplicons were obtained of which 331 amplicons were polymorphic with 93.64 % level of polymorphism was observed. Cluster analysis by RAPD and ISSR markers revealed clear distinct diversity between genotypes. The similarity coefficient ranged from 0.64 to 0.92 showed high genetic variability. Digvijay revealed the highest dissimilarity comparing with the other varieties. JG 62 and Vikas showed more similarity than others varieties. The results showed that RAPD analysis for diversity can provide practical information for the management of genetic resources in chickpea breeding program.
Genetic similarity
Genetic relationship
Amplicon
Similarity (geometry)
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The genetic interrelationship among all the popular vegetable cowpea varieties cultivated in Kerala was investigated through morphometric, RAPD and SSR analyses. High polymorphism was observed in RAPD (88.0 per cent of bands were polymorphic) and SSR (80.0 per cent of bands were polymorphic) analyses. Dendrogram based on morphological parameters has divided the genotypes into two main clusters which truncated at 68.0 per cent similarity, with purple and green poded varieties segregating into separate clusters. Morphometric analysis was successful to group the varieties with determinate and indeterminate growth habits whereas, RAPD and SSR markers could not make a clear division. However, distinction was apparent between purple poded and green poded types and purple poded varieties viz Vyjayanthi and Varun exhibited high similarity with each other in SSR analysis (80.0 per cent) when compared to RAPD (77.0 per cent). Dendrogram of pooled data of SSR and RAPD analyses has revealed maximum similarity between Vyjayanthi and Varun (77.0 per cent).
Dendrogram
Similarity (geometry)
Genetic similarity
Genetic relationship
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Sixteen main varieties of citrus were used as materials for analyzing their genome polymorphism by ISSR markers.The results showed that total 72 bands were generated by nine primers,of which 54 bands were polymorphic bands(the percentage of polymorphic band,PPB=75%).The average number of DNA fragments produced by each primer was eight.Nei similarity coefficients and genetic distances were calculated by using Popgene 1.32 software,and results indicated that Penna and Newhall have the closest relationship among citrus;the dendrogram were constructed by using UPGMA,and the results indicated that 16 citrus materials were divided into four major groups while the genetic distance was 0.76.
UPGMA
Dendrogram
Genetic similarity
Similarity (geometry)
Genetic relationship
Genetic distance
Primer (cosmetics)
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Dendrogram
Genetic similarity
Genetic distance
Genetic relationship
Similarity (geometry)
DNA profiling
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Sixty-eight bougainvillea samples were analyzed using ISSR technique to study their taxonomic and phylogenetic relationships.Fourteen ISSR primers were used in the ISSR analysis of 68 bougainvillea individuals.A total of 195 ISSR bands were scored,corresponding to the polymorphic bands were 182,and the percentage of polymorphic was 93.3%.According to ISSR-PCR results,a cluster analysis(UPGMA) was used to generate a dendrogram among all 68 individuals.The results showed that genetic similarity among individuals was between 0.50 and 0.97,the average was 0.67.It was indicated that the relationship among all individuals was close and the genetic diversity was poor.According to dendrogram,68 individuals could be divided into 2 groups at genetic similarity 0.64.The A group could be divided into 2 subgroups and B group could be divided into 6 subgroups.This study revealed the genetic relationship and confirmed the genetic distance among 68 bougainvillea individuals using molecular marker technology.
UPGMA
Dendrogram
Genetic relationship
Germ plasm
Genetic similarity
Similarity (geometry)
Genetic distance
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