Resistance risk to new botryticides in Botrytis cinerea Pers.:Fr. in winegrowing areas in Croatia
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Pyrimethanil
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The investigation forming the subject of this report was planned to study certain factors affecting Botrytis diseases on certain crop plants. Results are summarised in the following points: 1. The optimum temperature for growth of Botrytis cinerea Pers., Botrytis cinerea f. lini, Botrytis fabae Sard., Botrytis galanthina Berk. & Br., Botrytis narcissicola Kleb., Botrytis paeoniae Oudem. and Botrytia squamosa Walker was 21
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The control of gray mold of small fruits, including blackberry, is caused primarily by Botrytis cinerea in commercial fields and is largely based on fungicide applications. The high risk of fungicide resistance development due to the single-site modes of action of many fungicides combined with the extraordinary genetic diversity of B. cinerea encouraged us to survey populations in South Carolina and neighboring states. A new species, Botrytis caroliniana, as well as the fungicide resistance profile and molecular resistant mechanism was discovered and described in this book.
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Botrytis cinerea is the pathogen of gray mold disease affecting a wide range of plant hosts, with consequential economic losses worldwide. The increased frequency of fungicide resistance of the pathogen challenges its disease management, and thus the development of alternative control strategies are urgently required. In this study, we showed excellent synergistic interactions between resveratrol and pyrimethanil. Significant synergistic values were recorded by the two-drug combination on the suppression of mycelial growth and conidia germination of B. cinerea. The combination of resveratrol and pyrimethanil caused malformation of mycelia. Moreover, the inoculation assay was conducted on table grape and consistent synergistic suppression of the two-drug combination was found in vivo. Our findings first revealed that the combination of resveratrol and pyrimethanil has synergistic effects against resistant B. cinerea and support the potential use of resveratrol as a promising adjuvant on the control of gray mold.
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There are several agrochemicals to control Botrytis cinerea , the causal agent for gray mold in grapes, and new ones are being developed. The fungicides used to control Botrytis in vineyards of the Champagne are presented together with some of their deleterious effects on non-target species. Until recently, fungicides basically belonged to three groups: the carbamates, the benzimidazoles, and the cyclic imides. Treatments with these fungicides rapidly became inefficient because of the extreme variability observed within the pathogen. In the last 10 years, new chemicals such as pyrimethanil, fludioxonil, fluazinam, and fenhexamid, all from different chemical groups became available; until now Botrytis displayed no resistance to these chemicals in the Champagne. The problem of residues in wine and in the environment, including their deleterious effects on non-target organisms, as well as acute and sublethal toxicity of the fungicides are discussed. Solutions to limit environmental contamination are presented.
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In a 2 year experiment, residues in field-grown strawberries were investigated from the fungicides fenhexamid, pyrimethanil, tolylfluanid, and kresoxim-methyl resulting from different strategies, as regards the dose, number, and time of fungicide applications. Kresoxim-methyl was only used the first year and in full or no dose to control powdery mildew. In the first year, the highest concentrations analyzed were 0.66 mg kg-1 for pyrimethanil and 0.63 mg kg-1 for fenhexamid resulting from the use of recommended dose rates and a preharvest interval (PHI) of 10 days, thus not exceeding the Danish maximum residue limit (MRL) of 1 mg kg-1. Tolylfluanid was used no later than 21 days before harvest, which left residue contents in the berries of 0.48 mg kg-1, a value well below the MRL of 5 mg kg-1. In the second year, fungicide residues found in the samples were generally lower, 0.39 and 0.03 mg kg-1 for pyrimethanil and fenhexamid, respectively. No residues of kresoxim-methyl were found in any of the samples from the field trials, indicating that kresoxim-methyl residues had declined to a level well below the detection limit within the 28 day period between the last application and the harvest. Keywords: DMST; fenhexamid; Fragaria × ananassa; fungicides; kresoxim-methyl; LC-MS; pyrimethanil; residues; strawberry; tolylfluanid
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Objective)The resistance to pyrimethanil of Botrytis cinerea isolated from diseased grape berries in China was studied. (Method)A total of 104 single conidial isolates of B. cinerea were isolated from diseased grape berries which were collected from vineyards located in 14 different cities or suburban counties in China. The method of mycelial growth inhibition was used to determine the resistance of B. cinerea to anilinopyrimidine fungicides pyrimethanil.(Result)The findings in the current work demonstrated that the resistance frequency of B. cinerea to pyrimethanil was 22.22% to 62.5%. Most of the resistant isolates showed middle resistant or high resistant phenotype, and the resistant frequency of high resistant isolates reached up to 44.23%. Resistance to pyrimethanil of B. cinerea differs in different viticulture climate zones. (Conclusion)Resistance to pyrimethanil of B. cinerea isolated from grape diseased samples in China is commonly present, and the resistant isolates showed cross resistance. Accordingly, the frequency of use of pyrimethanil should be limited in the prevention of grape gray mold, and fungicides such as dicarboximide and carbamates can be used alternatively. It was suggested that novel fungicides or biofungicides should be introduced for the control of grape gray mold.
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[Objective] The complex formulation of fungicides against strawberry Botrytis cinerea was screened out to lay the basis for re-preparation study on strawberry Botrytis cinerea. [Method] Antibiotic activities of fungicides like Procymidone,Diniconazole,Triadimefon and Azoxystrobin against strawberry Botrytis cinerea Pers. were studied by bioassay,and synergistic effect of Procymidone and Diniconazole was studied.[Result]The 4 fungicides had exhibited antibiotic activity against Botrytis cinere and the activities of Procymidone and Diniconazole were obvious,their values of EC50 were 0. 521 2 and 0. 752 8 μg / ml,respectively. All blends of Procymidone and Diniconazole with different mass ratio had addition effect against Botrytis cinerea Pers,and when the mass ratio of Procymidone and Diniconazole was 4∶ 1,the effect was the most obvious addition effect,and the value of co-toxicity coefficient was 111. 737 4. [Conclusion] When the mass ratio of Procymidone and Diniconazole was 4∶ 1,the blends had good control spectrum,low dosage and decreasing resistance,so it could be explored further.
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Botryotinia fuckeliana (de Bary) Whetzel, anamorph Botrytis cinerea Pers.:Fr. causes severe damages in vineyards on the yield as well as on quality of grapes at harvest. Pyrimethanil (anilinopyrimidine fungicide class) have been used to control grey mould, the disease caused by this pathogen. The anilinopyrimidine were registered in Switzerland in 1995 to control grey mould in grapes. A dual mode of action has been described involving the inhibition of methionine biosynthesis and the inhibition of hydrolytic enzyme secretion. The anilinopyrimidines inhibit mycelial growth of fungus. The intensive use of anilinopyrimidines may result reduced sensitivity and loss of efficacy. Recently, a reduction in sensitivity to anilinopyrimidines in B. cinerea strains was also reported from France. In the last 35 years B. cinerea developed resistance to virtually all the specific fungicides used to control grey mould. Field resistance to benzimidazoles, phenylcarbamates and dicarboximides was detected shortly after their introduction. Therefore, an antiresistance strategy should be introduced for current fungicides as well. This study was initiated to study the resistance of B. cinerea to one of the main important class of modern fungicides, the anilinopyrimidines viz. pyrimethanil. This information will be useful to provide alternative fungicide options to the growers.
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Botrytis cinerea is a necrotrophic pathogen causing a major problem in the export and post-harvest of strawberries. Inappropriate use of fungicides leads to resistance among fungal pathogens. Therefore, it is necessary to evaluate the sensitivity of B. cinerea to various classes of fungicide and to determine the effectiveness of different concentrations of commonly used fungicides. We thus evaluated the effectiveness of six classes of fungicide in inhibiting the growth and development of this pathogen, namely, fludioxonil, iprodione, pyrimethanil, tebuconazole, fenpyrazamine, and boscalid. Fludioxonil was the most effective (EC50 < 0.1 μg/ml), and pyrimethanil was the least effective (EC50 = 50 μg/ml), at inhibiting the mycelial growth of B. cinerea. Fenpyrazamine and pyrimethanil showed relatively low effectiveness in inhibiting the germination and conidial production of B. cinerea. Our results are useful for the management of B. cinerea and as a basis for monitoring the sensitivity of B. cinerea strains to fungicides. Keywords: Botrytis cinerea, fungicide, strawberry
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