Effectiveness of Different Classes of Fungicides on Botrytis cinerea Causing Gray Mold on Fruit and Vegetables
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Botrytis cinerea is a necrotrophic pathogen causing a major problem in the export and post-harvest of strawberries. Inappropriate use of fungicides leads to resistance among fungal pathogens. Therefore, it is necessary to evaluate the sensitivity of B. cinerea to various classes of fungicide and to determine the effectiveness of different concentrations of commonly used fungicides. We thus evaluated the effectiveness of six classes of fungicide in inhibiting the growth and development of this pathogen, namely, fludioxonil, iprodione, pyrimethanil, tebuconazole, fenpyrazamine, and boscalid. Fludioxonil was the most effective (EC50 < 0.1 μg/ml), and pyrimethanil was the least effective (EC50 = 50 μg/ml), at inhibiting the mycelial growth of B. cinerea. Fenpyrazamine and pyrimethanil showed relatively low effectiveness in inhibiting the germination and conidial production of B. cinerea. Our results are useful for the management of B. cinerea and as a basis for monitoring the sensitivity of B. cinerea strains to fungicides. Keywords: Botrytis cinerea, fungicide, strawberryKeywords:
Pyrimethanil
Fludioxonil
Iprodione
EC50
As an alternative control method, to improve control and to reduce synthetic fungicide use, three Candida oleophila strains and/or four commercial synthetic fungicides were used to control Botrytis cinerea damage on postharvest apple fruit. Synthetic commercial fungicides; Cyprodinil+Fludioxonil, Thiabendazole and Benomyl, allowed Candida oleophila strains colony growth when challenged to the pressure of these fungicides. Synthetic commercial fungicide Captan did not allow any Candida oleophila strains colony growth. Control of Botrytis cinerea expressed in % of damage and damage reduction, gave an average control of; 100% for Cyprodinil+Fludioxonil; Captan, 97.5%; Thiabendazole, 94.1% and Benomyl, 93.7% All Candida oleophila strains, individually, gave a 100% control. Thiabendazole and Benomyl improved their efficiency to control Botrytis cinerea when combined with Candida oleophila. Control of Botrytis cinerea damage on postharvest Golden Delicious apple fruit can be achieved up to 100% either with Candida oleophila strains individually and/or with Cyprodinil+Fludioxonil alone. The use of Candida oleophila as an alternative method to control Botrytis cinerea damage on postharvest apple fruit means a reduction of synthetic fungicide use, plus avoiding fungicide residues on the treated apple fruit and on the environment, thus reducing the risk for human health damage.
Fludioxonil
Captan
Benomyl
Pyrimethanil
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Leucospermum spp. are indigenous to South Africa and are produced commercially as cut-flowers. The largest proportion of flowers produced in South Africa is exported via air freight to the Netherlands, but also to other European countries. Botrytis cinerea is a damaging post-harvest pathogen on Leucospermum spp. However, with the recent introduction of shipping as a method of transport there has been an increase in post-harvest losses due to spoilage of flowers because the conditions and extended travelling time are more conducive to disease development than air freight. This research project aimed to identify chemical and biological agents for effective control in commercial Proteaceae production. Furthermore, there is a need to identify new chemical and biotic agents for disease management, since many of the pathogens show resistance to the fungicides currently used. Some chemicals are also no longer accepted by the European Union (EU) markets in keeping with EU regulations. During 2006, fungicides with the potential for control of B. cinerea were screened in vitro, and included benomyl, carbendazim + flusilazole, chlorothalonil, cyprodinil + fludioxonil, fenhexamid, iprodione and pyrimethanil. The results of the in vitro test guided selection of fungicides to be evaluated under field conditions. The following fungicides were tested in the field in 2006 at Elsenburg: cyprodinil + fludioxonil, fenhexamid and pyrimethanil. During 2007, two biological control agents (Trichoderma and Bacillus) were also tested under field conditions, as well as alternations between two fungicides (iprodione and fenhexamid) and these biological agents. It was concluded that the fungicides are able to control field infections and that alternations between fungicides and biological agents show potential field control. The biological agents alone were not successful in controlling the pathogen post-harvest.
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Iprodione
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The influence of three commonly used fungicides (iprodione, pyrimethanil and fludioxonil plus cyprodinil) on the density and diversity of yeast populations present on grape berries was evaluated. At the time of harvest, the fungicide residues on grapes were below the maximum permitted levels. In general, larger yeast counts were found on the treated grapes than on the control samples. Among 23 species identified, Cryptococcus magnus, Rhodotorula glutinis and Sporidiobolus pararoseus dominated on sound grape berries. The results showed that the tested fungicides had only a minor impact on the composition of grape berry communities in comparison with the effect of weather conditions and the mode of grape berry sampling. Halo assays using filter discs loaded with fungicides were used as in vitro tests of the sensitivity of grape berry isolates. The fungicide containing pyrimethanil suppressed the growth of all basidiomycetous yeast species, while the sporadically occurring fermentative yeasts were unaffected. Fungicides with fludioxonil plus cyprodinil and iprodione as active substances showed specificity for certain species. Our results suggest that after the safety interval, the presence of fungicides has a minor impact on the composition of grape berry communities, although at the time of fungicide applications, the yeast species composition changes.
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Iprodione
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Fludioxonil
Pyrimethanil
Chlorothalonil
Iprodione
Strobilurin
Fruit rot
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There are several agrochemicals to control Botrytis cinerea , the causal agent for gray mold in grapes, and new ones are being developed. The fungicides used to control Botrytis in vineyards of the Champagne are presented together with some of their deleterious effects on non-target species. Until recently, fungicides basically belonged to three groups: the carbamates, the benzimidazoles, and the cyclic imides. Treatments with these fungicides rapidly became inefficient because of the extreme variability observed within the pathogen. In the last 10 years, new chemicals such as pyrimethanil, fludioxonil, fluazinam, and fenhexamid, all from different chemical groups became available; until now Botrytis displayed no resistance to these chemicals in the Champagne. The problem of residues in wine and in the environment, including their deleterious effects on non-target organisms, as well as acute and sublethal toxicity of the fungicides are discussed. Solutions to limit environmental contamination are presented.
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Pyrimethanil
Botrytis
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Pyrimethanil
Fludioxonil
Iprodione
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Botrytis bunch rot, caused by Botrytis cinerea, is an economically important disease of grapes in Australia and across grape-growing regions worldwide. Control of this disease relies on canopy management and the application of fungicides. Fungicide application can lead to the selection of resistant B. cinerea populations, which has an adverse effect on the management of the disease. Characterizing the distribution and severity of resistant B. cinerea populations is needed to inform resistance management strategies.In this study, 724 isolates were sampled from 76 Australian vineyards during 2013-2016 and were screened against seven fungicides with different modes of action (MOAs). The resistance frequencies for azoxystrobin, boscalid, fenhexamid, fludioxonil, iprodione, pyrimethanil and tebuconazole were 5%, 2.8%, 2.1%, 6.2%, 11.6%, 7.7% and 2.9%, respectively. Nearly half of the resistant isolates (43.8%) were resistant to more than one of the fungicides tested. The frequency of vineyards with at least one isolate simultaneously resistant to one, two, three, four or five fungicides was 19.7%, 7.9%, 6.6%, 10.5% and 2.6%. Resistance was associated with previously published genotypes in CytB (G143A), SdhB (H272R/Y), Erg27 (F412S), Mrr1 (D354Y), Bos1 (I365S, N373S + Q369P, I365S + D757N) and Pos5 (V273I, P319A, L412F/V). Novel genotypes were also described in Mrr1 (S611N, D616G), Pos5 (V273L) and Cyp51 (P347S). Expression analysis was used to characterize fludioxonil-resistant isolates exhibiting overexpression (6.3-9.6-fold) of the ABC transporter gene AtrB (MDR1 phenotype).Resistance frequencies were lower when compared to most previously published surveys of B. cinerea resistance in grape and other crops. Nevertheless, continued monitoring of critical MOAs used in Australian vineyards is recommended. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Pyrimethanil
Iprodione
Tebuconazole
Botrytis
Strobilurin
Disease management
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Strawberry transplants produced in nurseries across Canada, northern United States, and California are shipped annually to other strawberry-growing regions, including Florida. Botrytis cinerea, the causal agent of gray mold, causes latent infections on transplants which are suggested as a potential source of primary inoculum in strawberry fields. In this study, we investigated the survival of B. cinerea isolates over the summer in Florida, the presence of B. cinerea in transplants from 14 nurseries from Canada and the United States in 2011, 2012, and 2013, and the sensitivity of nursery population to several botryticides. Botrytis cinerea was detected on dead strawberry plants sampled from commercial strawberry fields between March and June but not in July and August, suggesting that the fungus does not over-summer in strawberry fields in Florida. Nursery transplants surveyed in 2011, 2012, and 2013 showed B. cinerea incidences of 20 to 37, 20 to 83, and 2.5 to 92.5%, respectively. In total, 409 isolates were tested for sensitivity to pyraclostrobin, boscalid, pyrimethanil, fenhexamid, iprodione, penthiopyrad, fluopyram, and fludioxonil. Overall, respective resistance frequencies were 91.7, 79.3, 33.2, 20.7, 2.4, 0.2, 0.2, and 0.0%. A majority of isolates tested were resistant to either 3 or 4 fungicides simultaneously. These findings reinforce the need for an integrated approach between strawberry nurseries and production fields to improve gray mold management and mitigate future risks of resistance development in B. cinerea.
Pyrimethanil
Fludioxonil
Iprodione
Fragaria
Botrytis
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Iprodione
Fludioxonil
Pyrimethanil
Benomyl
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Botrytis cinerea is a necrotrophic pathogen causing a major problem in the export and post-harvest of strawberries. Inappropriate use of fungicides leads to resistance among fungal pathogens. Therefore, it is necessary to evaluate the sensitivity of B. cinerea to various classes of fungicide and to determine the effectiveness of different concentrations of commonly used fungicides. We thus evaluated the effectiveness of six classes of fungicide in inhibiting the growth and development of this pathogen, namely, fludioxonil, iprodione, pyrimethanil, tebuconazole, fenpyrazamine, and boscalid. Fludioxonil was the most effective (EC50 < 0.1 μg/ml), and pyrimethanil was the least effective (EC50 = 50 μg/ml), at inhibiting the mycelial growth of B. cinerea. Fenpyrazamine and pyrimethanil showed relatively low effectiveness in inhibiting the germination and conidial production of B. cinerea. Our results are useful for the management of B. cinerea and as a basis for monitoring the sensitivity of B. cinerea strains to fungicides. Keywords: Botrytis cinerea, fungicide, strawberry
Pyrimethanil
Fludioxonil
Iprodione
EC50
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Citations (37)