[Effects of different vegetation restoration of degraded red soil on earthworm population dynamics].
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This study was conducted at the long-term experimental plots in Ecological Experimental Station of Red Soil in Yujiang County (28 degrees 15'30''N, 116 degrees 55'30''E ), Jiangxi Province, subtropical China. Earthworm population was investigated seasonally from May 1999 to February 2000, under different vegetations including four artificial woodlands [deciduous broadleaf woodland (Quercus chenii, Qc), evergreen broadleaf woodland (Schima superba, Ss), coniferous woodland (Pinus massonina, Pm) and mixed woodland (Schima superba-Pinus massonina, Sm)], two grasslands [gently-disturbed grassland (G1), undisturbed grassland (G2)] and control wasteland (CK). The results indicated that the population structure was very simple. Only Drawinda gisti characterized by pioneer was found. The seasonal averages of density and biomass were in the order of G2 > G1 > Qc > Ss > Pm > Sm > CK, and those of G2, G1 and Qc were significantly higher than those of the latters (P < 0.05). Seasonal fluctuations were obvious with dry-hot summer depressing the earthworm population sharply, leading to the aestivation of earthworm. Based on the variation coefficients of density and biomass, Qc had the highest ecosystem stability, followed by Sm and Ss, and G1, G2, and Pm had the lowest stability. The overall differentiation of earthworm population could be drawn through canonical discriminant analysis. There were significant correlations between earthworms and some soil properties (P < 0.01). Overall, the differentiation of earthworm population was driven by the quantity and quality of soil organic matter returned by the vegetations. Additionally, based on earthworm population, the importance of selecting appropriate vegetation types during the restoration of degraded red soil was emphasized.Keywords:
Quercus serrata
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[Effects of different vegetation restoration of degraded red soil on earthworm population dynamics].
This study was conducted at the long-term experimental plots in Ecological Experimental Station of Red Soil in Yujiang County (28 degrees 15'30''N, 116 degrees 55'30''E ), Jiangxi Province, subtropical China. Earthworm population was investigated seasonally from May 1999 to February 2000, under different vegetations including four artificial woodlands [deciduous broadleaf woodland (Quercus chenii, Qc), evergreen broadleaf woodland (Schima superba, Ss), coniferous woodland (Pinus massonina, Pm) and mixed woodland (Schima superba-Pinus massonina, Sm)], two grasslands [gently-disturbed grassland (G1), undisturbed grassland (G2)] and control wasteland (CK). The results indicated that the population structure was very simple. Only Drawinda gisti characterized by pioneer was found. The seasonal averages of density and biomass were in the order of G2 > G1 > Qc > Ss > Pm > Sm > CK, and those of G2, G1 and Qc were significantly higher than those of the latters (P < 0.05). Seasonal fluctuations were obvious with dry-hot summer depressing the earthworm population sharply, leading to the aestivation of earthworm. Based on the variation coefficients of density and biomass, Qc had the highest ecosystem stability, followed by Sm and Ss, and G1, G2, and Pm had the lowest stability. The overall differentiation of earthworm population could be drawn through canonical discriminant analysis. There were significant correlations between earthworms and some soil properties (P < 0.01). Overall, the differentiation of earthworm population was driven by the quantity and quality of soil organic matter returned by the vegetations. Additionally, based on earthworm population, the importance of selecting appropriate vegetation types during the restoration of degraded red soil was emphasized.
Quercus serrata
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The impacts of different land use patterns on the aboveground and underground biomass of alpine meadow in the eastern part of Qilian Mountains were studied.The five land use patterns,including natural grassland,returned farmland to naturally restorated grassland,slope farmland,abandoned cropland and sowed perennial grassland,were designed.The results showed there were significant differences in aboveground and underground biomass among 5 land use patterns.The order of aboveground biomass was slope farmlandsowed perennial grasslandnatural grasslandreturned farmland to naturally restorated grasslandabandoned cropland;The order of underground biomass was natural grasslandsowed perennial grasslandslope farmlandreturned farmland to naturally restorated grasslandabandoned cropland;Underground biomass moss mainly distributed within 0 to 10 cm soil layer.The relationship between aboveground biomass and vegetation coverage could be discribed as a quadratic function.The relationship between underground biomass and vegetation coverage could be discribed as a logarithmic function.The relationship between underground biomass and species number could be discribed as a quadratic function.The aboveground biomass was significantly(P0.05)correlated with vegetation coverage.The underground biomass was significantly(P0.05)respectively correlated with species and vegetation coverage.
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Based on the field measurement data on August from 2006 to 2009 in Three-River Source Region and the corresponding MODIS remotely sensed data from the EOS/MODIS Receiving Station,three regression models(linear,power and exponential functions)between the total grassland biomass,the edible grassland biomass and the vegetation indices such as Normalized Differential Vegetation Index(NDVI),Modified Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index(MSAVI),Enhanced Vegetation Index(EVI)are established and compared.Research results were as follows:the total grassland biomass and edible grassland biomass could be well estimated by linear,power and exponential functions;there were significant positive correlation between the total grassland biomass,edible grassland biomass and the three vegetation indices,they were suitable for the successful quantification of total grassland biomass and edible grassland biomass;the estimation of total grassland biomass was more effective than that of edible grassland biomass.
Enhanced vegetation index
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The Xavantina-Cachimbo Expedition worked during 1967-9 in a 20 km square around a base camp (12° 49' N, 51° 46' W), ca . 260 km north of Xavantina (NE Mato Grosso) and near Xavantina itself. The vegetation is of special interest because the base camp is situated near the junction of the savanna region of Central Brazil and the Amazonian forest. It is a pattern of savanna (cerrado), savanna woodland (cerradão), forest and treeless grassland (campo) with often remarkably abrupt boundaries between the different communities. Until 1967 the area had been very little affected by man. The climate is characterized by high temperature throughout the year, an annual rainfall of about 1200 to 1400 mm, and a more or less rainless dry season from June to September inclusive. During the dry season the cerrado, campo and some forms of cerradao vegetation are subject to fire, but are not burned every year. The forest, except the Deciduous Seasonal forest, is not normally burned. The rocks consist of sandstones overlying shale and mudstones. The sandstone weathers to form widespread dystrophic soils of low nutrient content, whilst the finer textured rocks, exposed in some deeper valleys, produce somewhat richer mesotrophic soils. The woody vegetation types of dystrophic soils are classified into three types of Evergreen Seasonal forest (‘Swampy Gallery' forest,‘Valley' forest and ‘Dry' forest), cerradão and cerrado. The Swampy Gallery forest is found along streams where the water table is close to the surface even in the dry season and is often bordered on one or both sides by strips of campo. In composition it resembles an impoverished Amazonian rain forest. The top-storey is dominated by Qualea ingens and Q. wittrockii , growing sometimes to 40 m, and the undergrowth includes numerous dicotyledons, Scitamineae, grasses and other monocotyledons. At a slightly higher level in stream valleys there is another type of tall forest, Valley forest, in which characteristic trees (all growing to about 40 m) are Apuleia molaris, Copaifera langsdorfii, Hymenaea stilbocarpa and Ormosia sp. (Tento). Much the most extensive type of Evergreen Seasonal forest is the Dry forest which represents the southern fringe of the Amazonian forest and covers a vast area stretching away northwards from the base camp area. This is a mixed community in which the trees seldom grow to more than 20 m. The most abundant species of the upper storey in the area studied are C haetocarpus echinocarpus, Licania blackii, L. kunthiana, Saco glottis guianensis and Xylopia amazonica . The transition from Dry forest to cerrado is sometimes abrupt, but elsewhere there is an ecotone in which Hirtella glandulosa cerradão forms a recognizable nodum, occupying a zone up to 4 km wide. Characteristic species in this are Emmotum nitens, Sclerolobium paniculatum and Vochysia haenkeana , as well as H. glandulosa . The boundary between cerrado and Dry forest appears to be dynamic and there are some indications that the forest has recently invaded the cerrado. The present boundary does not seem to be primarily dependent on climate or burning but shows some relation to soil conditions, though apart from a higher clay content in the latter the cerrado and forest soils are much alike. Cerrado has a lower degree of crown cover than cerradão; it is a type of open savanna with grassy undergrowth and is extremely variable in floristic composition and no clearly defined associations could be recognized. The boundary between cerrado and campo in valleys is sharp and appears to be determined by the height of the water table in the wet season. The mesotrophic soils are occupied by Deciduous Seasonal forest, the only woody community in the area in which the top storey becomes leafless in the dry season. The fioristic composition of this community is very different from that of the other forest types and characteristic top-storey species include Cedrela fissilis, Piptadenia macrocarpa, Platypodium elegans and Sterculia striata , with Acacia polyphylla and Bauhinia cupulata as a second storey. Bamboos and the palm Acrocomia sp. are features of the undergrowth. Floristically this community is similar to forest types found on calcareous rocks in Goiás and Minas Gerais. It is fringed by a characteristic cerradão, termed Magonia pubescens / Callisthene fasciculaia cerradão.
Gallery forest
Dry season
Wet season
Vegetation types
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Using 16 days 250 m MODIS vegetation index dataset,the relativity of eight vegetation indexes with aboveground biomass in Gannan grassland was analyzed. And then based on this correlation,monitoring models of aboveground biomass were constructed and aboveground biomass of Gannan grassland and each county were estimated. The results showed that in most growth period,there were significant relativity between vegetation index and aboveground biomass,but it was most obviously with synchronous EVI (r=0.782). And the cubic polynomial model using EVI fitting aboveground biomass better than other vegetation indexes. Aboveground biomass in 2007 and 2008 are 5 610 kg/hm2 and 5 605 kg/hm2,respectively. Compared with that in 2007,aboveground biomass in Lintan,Zhuoni and Diebu county increased,while Hezuo,Maqu,Luqu,Xiahe and Zhouqu decreased in 2008.
Enhanced vegetation index
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Moderate-resolution imaging spectroradiometer
Growing season
Enhanced vegetation index
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Soil carbon
Crop Rotation
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In this paper, using 16 days 250m MODIS vegetation index dataset, the relationship between eight vegetation indexes (Vis) and aboveground biomass in Gannan grassland of China, was analyzed. Based on their correlations, monitoring models of aboveground biomass was constructed, and then the aboveground biomass of the whole Gannan Autonomous Region and its every county were estimated. The results showed that in most growth period, there are very significant relativity between vegetation indexes and aboveground biomass, which is the most obvious with synchronous EVI(r=0.782). And the cubic polynomial model of EVI fits aboveground biomass better than other vegetation indexes and functions. Based on above formula, aboveground biomass of Gannan grassland in 2007 and 2008 are separately 5610kg/hm 2 and 5605kg/hm 2 . As to every county, comparing with that in 2007, aboveground biomass of 2008 in Lintan, Zhuoni and Diebu County increased, while in Hezuo, Maqu, Luqu, Xiahe and Zhouqu County it decreased.
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It is important to define and characterize dry forests and woodlands as these
forms of vegetation mean different things to different people depending on
their discipline and background. This chapter provides the reader with a
description of the dry forest and woodland types of sub-Saharan Africa and
illustrates some of their basic biological features. Here we define dry forest and
woodland as vegetation dominated by woody plants, primarily trees, the canopy
of which covers more than 10 per cent of the ground surface, occurring in
climates with a dry season of three months or more. Such a broad definition –
wider than those used by many authors – incorporates vegetation types
commonly termed woodland, shrubland, thicket, savanna and wooded grassland, as well as dry forest in its strict sense. However, it does not include moist
evergreen forest (rainforest), grasslands and dwarf shrublands, such as heathlands and fynbos. Where more specific vegetation types are being described,
the appropriate term (e.g. dense woodland, wooded grassland) is used.
Shrubland
Thicket
Evergreen forest
Dry season
Vegetation Classification
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