Bone health in children and adolescents: risk factors for low bone density.
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Osteoporosis is a common disease that is characterized by low bone mineral density (BMD). Decreased BMD is associated with increased fracture risk. In adults, normal BMD results from the balance between accrual of peak bone mass (PBM) at the end of adolescence, and subsequent bone loss with age. Although environmental factors play a role, hereditary factors are the major contributors (up to 80%) to the variability in PBM. This review examines the effects of genetics, physical activity and immobilization, smoking, chronic diseases and medications, vitamin D, calcium, and various other dietary factors on bone integrity in children, adolescents, and adults.Keywords:
Peak bone mass
Bone Health
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Osteoporosis is a skeletal disease characterized by low bone mass and microarchitectural deterioration of bone tissue, with a consequent increase in fragility and susceptibility to fractures resulting in the severe health consequences to human health. Many investigations have been done in exploring the etiological factors so as to find out approaches for prevention and treatment of osteoporosis. Low bone mineral density is one of the important clinical characteristics of osteoporosis. In this paper, the progress of study on the relationship between muscle strength, physical activity and bone mineral density was reviewed.
Bone Health
Etiology
Human bone
Bone tissue
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Osteoporosis is a common bone disease in postmenopausal women that leads to an increased risk of fracture. In osteoporosis, the bone mineral density (BMD) is reduced, and bone micro- and macroarchitecture deteriorates. Osteoporosis is defined by the World Health Organization as a BMD of 2.5 standard deviations or more below the mean peak bone mass (average of young and healthy adults) as measured by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA). Diagnosis of osteoporosis can be made using BMD measurement. The most popular method of measuring BMD is DEXA. In treatment, we can use various exercises and nutritional supplementation, medications, and lifestyle modification for the prevention of fractures.
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Dual-Energy X-ray Absorptiometry
Peak bone mass
Bone Health
Bone disease
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Osteoporotic fractures are a debilitating and a frequently fatal health problem for older adults. A growing body of evidence indicates that osteoporosis has its origin in early life and that the level of development of bone mass during childhood and adolescence strongly influences the risk for osteoporotic fractures. The development of osteoporosis results from an interaction between 1) bone mass accrual via growth, remodeling, and modeling during childhood and adolescence and 2) the maintenance of bone mass (primarily via remodeling) during adulthood. Peak bone mass which occurs at the conclusion of growth may be the most important factor for preventing osteoporosis since as much bone is accrued during the adolescent years as most individuals will lose during all of adult life. In this review, I examine the contribution of physical activity as an important behavioral determinant of children's bone development, particularly of peak bone mass. Since it is a behavior, physical activity is a potentially modifiable determinant of peak bone mass; therefore, understanding activity's impact on bone health is central to developing primary prevention strategies for osteoporosis.
Peak bone mass
Bone remodeling
Bone Health
Bone Growth
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Osteoporosis is a common disease that is characterized by low bone mineral density (BMD). Decreased BMD is associated with increased fracture risk. In adults, normal BMD results from the balance between accrual of peak bone mass (PBM) at the end of adolescence, and subsequent bone loss with age. Although environmental factors play a role, hereditary factors are the major contributors (up to 80%) to the variability in PBM. This review examines the effects of genetics, physical activity and immobilization, smoking, chronic diseases and medications, vitamin D, calcium, and various other dietary factors on bone integrity in children, adolescents, and adults.
Peak bone mass
Bone Health
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Bone tissue is constantly renewed during childhood and adolescence to assure skeleton growth both in size and mineral density: up to 90 percent of peak bone mass is acquired by age 18 in girls and age 20 in boys, which makes youth the best time to "invest" in bone health. The reduction in bone mineral density leading to compromised strength and microarchitecture of bone tissue can favour the occurrence of fragility fractures in the pediatric age. Assessing the normality of bone density measurements in childhood by current methods is hampered by the lack of normative control data. The understanding of factors useful for maximizing peak bone mass, as well as the knowledge of diagnostic tools and therapeutic strategies for managing a state of reduced bone mineral density are crucial to prevent fractures throughout lifetime.
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Peak bone mass
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Bone Health
Dual-Energy X-ray Absorptiometry
Dual energy
Bone remodeling
Peak bone mass
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Objective Analysis of bone mineral density(BMD) of different area in normal people in Laoning Province of China,to study the change of peak bone mass and BMD and to provide scientific basis for the prevention and treatment of primary osteoporosis.Method To measuring the BMD of L_1～L_4 and hip joint in 2489 people by DEXA.Results The peak value of bone mass in measured bone was in 25～29 age of both male group and female group.The peak bone mass of male was higher than that of female,but there was no significant difference between the two group(P0.05).The loss of bone mass was evident in female group after age 50～64 and it was not evident in male group.BMD was relatively steady between age 75～89 in both group.The loss of bone mass was becoming slow and it was showing increase tendency specifically in lumbar bone.Conclusion The result provides the normal value for diagnosis of osteoporosis in Liaoning district.The change of BMD in adult people in this district can provide the opportunity and basis for provention and treatment of primary osteoporosis.
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Low bone mineral density (BMD) in patients with Turner syndrome (TS) has been reported in a considerable number of previous studies. Cortical and trabecular bone have been involved. Osteoporosis can be overdiagnosed in TS patients with a short stature unless BMD measurements are adjusted for body size. Optimization of bone health in girls with TS requires a healthy active lifestyle, including adequate calcium, vitamin D, and hormonal replacement therapy, according to consensus guidelines.
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Hormonal replacement therapy
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Osteopenia
Peak bone mass
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