[Gonococcus producers of beta-lactamase isolated in Dakar. Sensitivity to different antibiotics, auxotype and plasmid content].
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Spectinomycin
Beta-lactamase
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The prevalence and molecular characteristics of penicillinase-producing Neisseria gonorrhoeae (PPNG) and tetracycline-resistant N. gonorrhoeae (TRNG) were determined in 10 clinics in Monrovia, Liberia, to assess the likely effectiveness of the current standard treatment with penicillin or tetracycline. One hundred gonococcal strains were isolated from 146 urethral swabs and 261 cervical swabs and screened for susceptibility to ceftriaxone, penicillin, spectinomycin and tetracycline by the disk diffusion method; 83% were resistant to penicillin and 63% to tetracycline. Twenty-one strains from 18 men and 3 women with uncomplicated gonorrhoea were subjected to more detailed characterization. These 21 strains belonged to 5 auxotype/serovar classes; 86% were PPNG/TRNG. Three PPNG harboured the 4.4 MDa penicillinase plasmid and 16 the 3.2 MDa plasmid. All TRNG harboured the 25.2 MDa plasmid and their MICs for tetracycline were > 32 mg/L. They gave a PCR product which, according to its restriction pattern, corresponded to the American type tetM gene. By the agar dilution method, all strains exhibited intermediate resistance to sulphamethoxazole-trimethoprim (19:1) (co-trimoxazole) with MICs of 8-32 mg/L. All strains were susceptible to spectinomycin and ciprofloxacin. The MICs for gentamicin were 4-8 mg/L. The use of effective and affordable antimicrobial chemotherapy with either 500 mg ciprofloxacin or a single dose of gentamicin is discussed, with consideration of molecular biological, pharmacological and public health aspects.
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Spectinomycin
Agar dilution
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Background and Objectives The aim of this analysis was to determine the rate of resistance of Neisseria gonorrhoeae to penicillin and tetracycline over 5 years. Study Design The authors studied 500 isolates of N. gonorrhoeae. Minimum inhibitory concentrations of various antimicrobial agents, including penicillins, tetracyclines, quinolones, cephalosporins, spectinomycin, and trospectomycin, were determined using agar dilution. Organisms that produced betalactamase were classified as penicillinase-producing N. gonorrhoeae, and those with tetracycline minimum inhibitory concentrations >16 μg/ml were considered presumptive high-level tetracycline resistant. Organisms with Minimum inhibitory concentrations <2.0 μg/ml were presumptively considered to have chromosomally mediated resistance to penicillin or tetracycline. Isolates with none of these forms of resistance were considered susceptible to penicillin and tetracycline. Results Penicillinase-producing N. gonorrhoeae represented 34.7%, 40.7%, and 44.9% of gonococcal isolates in 1988,1989, and 1990, respectively. Only 14.3% and 15.0% of the isolates in 1991 and 1992 were penicillinase-producing N. gonorrhoeae. In 1988, 1.0% of isolates were chromosomally mediated penicillin resistant. In contrast, chromosomally mediated penicillin resistant gonococci represented 7.5% to 22.4% of isolates from 1989 to 1992. In 1988, 26.0% of isolates were high-level tetracycline resistant. The prevalence of presumptive high-level tetracycline resistant organisms decreased after 1988. From 1989 to 1992, only 8.2% to 14.8% of gonococcal isolates were presumptive high-level tetracycline resistant. No chromosomally mediated tetracycline resistant isolates were identified in 1988. In 1989 and 1990, 11.6% and 10.2%, respectively, of isolates were chromosomally mediated tetracycline resistant. Chromosomally mediated tetracycline resistant N. gonorrhoeae represented 2.0% of isolates in 1991 and 25.0% of isolates in 1992. All isolates tested were susceptible to the other antibiotics. Conclusion Continued surveillance of sensitivity of contemporary gonococci to antimicrobial agents is important.
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Agar dilution
Spectinomycin
Neisseriaceae
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Spectinomycin
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
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The appearance of strains of Neisseria gonorrhoeae resistant, both chromosomally and plasmid-mediated, to penicillin and other antibiotics makes this versatile pathogen difficult to treat. There is, therefore, a need for surveillance of N. gonorrhoeae strains to determine the efficacy of current therapeutic measures.To survey the antibiotic susceptibilities and plasmid profiles of penicillinase-producing N. gonorrhoeae strains isolated over a 4-year period.Penicillinase-producing N. gonorrhoeae strains were detected by the chromogenic cephalosporin test. Minimum inhibitory concentrations to penicillin G, tetracycline, ceftriaxone, and ciprofloxacin were determined using the E-test. Plasmid DNA was obtained by the alkaline lysis method and profiles generated.Penicillinase-producing N. gonorrhoeae strains increased from 16.4% to 19.0% in the period from 1990 through 1993. Although all strains were resistant to penicillin, strains were susceptible to varying levels of ciprofloxacin, ceftriaxone, and even tetracycline. All penicillinase-producing N. gonorrhoeae strains possessed the 2.6-megadalton cryptic plasmid, and in addition 87.7% contained the 24.5-megadalton conjugative plasmid. Of the six known gonococcal beta-lactamase plasmids, the 4.4-megadalton Asian and 3.2-megadalton African plasmids were predominant. The most prevalent plasmid profile contained the 2.6-megadalton cryptic, 24.5-megadalton conjugative, and 4.4-megadalton Asian plasmids.To ensure effective treatment of gonorrhea, continued surveillance of the antimicrobial susceptibilities and plasmid profiles of penicillinase-producing N. gonorrhoeae strains is necessary.In South Africa, 321 gonococcal strains were isolated from urethral exudates of adult men presenting with acute urethritis at the Sexually Transmitted Diseases Clinic at King Edward VIII Hospital in Durban during 1990-1993. The purpose was to examine the in vitro susceptibility patterns and plasmid profiles of penicillinase-producing Neisseria gonorrhoeae (PPNG) strains. 17.8% of the strains were PPNG strains. During 1990-1993, the PPNG prevalence increased from 16.4% to 19%. 96.5% of the PPNG strains were sensitive to ceftriaxone with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of no more than 0.25 g/ml. 94.7% were sensitive to ciprofloxacin with MICs of no more than 0.06 g/ml. 82.5% were sensitive to tetracycline with MICs of no more than 0.25 g/ml. The fact that all PPNG strains had the 2.6 megadalton (MDa) cryptic plasmid suggests that this plasmid confers a selective advantage to the gonococcus. 87.7% also had the 24.5 MDa conjugative plasmid. High prevalence of this plasmid in the PPNG strains may account for the increased prevalence of these strains. The predominant beta-lactamase plasmid type was the 4.4 MDa Asian plasmid (77.2%), not the 3.2 MDa African plasmid. The high prevalence of the Asian plasmid may be because Durban is an important port city and tourist destination for people from Asia. The most common plasmid profile of the PPNG strains contained the 2.6 MDa cryptic, 24.5 MDa conjugative, and 4.4 MDa Asian plasmids (68.4%). Since N gonorrhoeae has several antibiotic resistance mechanisms, epidemiologists should monitor the effectiveness of single-dose treatment and conduct surveillance of trends in resistance in order to achieve effective control of gonorrhea.
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Neisseriaceae
Beta-lactamase
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Neisseria gonorrhoeae culture gave a positive result in 42 of 64 male adults with purulent urethral discharge. The majority of the infections were acquired outside Libya Twenty-seven strains (64.3%) were non-penicillinase producing (NPPNG) and 15 (35.7%) were penicillinase producing (PPNG) by starch paper technique. Antimicrobial susceptibility of the strains to 5 antibiotics was carried out by agar-plate dilution technique. Twenty-three NPPNG strains (54.8%) were susceptible to penicillin with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of ≤0.5 μg/ml. In 4 strains (9.5%), a high resistance to penicillin (MIC ≥16 μg/ml) appeared to be chromosomally-mediated (CMRNG). All PPNG strains were resistant to penicillin (MIC ≥1 μg/ml). While resistance to erythromycin (MIC ≥ 1 μg/ml) and tetracycline (MIC ≥ 1 μg/ml) was observed in 5 strains, resistance to kanamycin (MIC 32 μg/ml) and spectinomycin (MIC 64 μg/ml) was present in only one strain. Whereas no significant differences were recorded in MICs of erythromycin, tetracycline, kanamycin and spectinomycin between NPPNG and PPNG strains, one PPNG strain was found to be resistant in vitro to all 5 antibiotics.
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Neisseriaceae
Gonococcal infection
Beta-lactamase
Neisseria
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The antibiotic resistance pattern, the plasmid content and the auxotypes of 27 PPNG and 200 non-PPNG isolates obtained in 1984–1985 were examined. The incidence of PPNG strains was 6·9% in 1984 and 70% in 1985. Among the four well-known plasmid patterns, the most frequent was the combination of 4·5 and 2·6 Mdal plasmids. The strains with the Asian-type (4·5 Mdal) plasmid belonged to the auxotypes Pro and Zero, whereas those with the African type (3·2 Mdal) plasmid were of auxotypes Zero, Arg and Pro, Arg. All PPNG strains exhibited reduced sensitivity at least to one of the other antibiotics tested (cefotaxime, specti-nomycin, thiamphenicol, tetracycline). Among non-PPNG strains, 19% harboured the conjugative and the cryptic plasmid, 67·5% only the cryptic, 1% only the conjugative and 12% were plasmid-free. The most frequent auxotypes of non-PPNG strains were Zero (65·5%) and Pro (21%), while the uncommon auxotype Pro, Arg°, Ura was found only in plasmid-free strains with reduced sensitivity to penicillin. Susceptibility testing revealed a large number of non-PPNG strains with decreased sensitivity to antibiotics, the Pro and Zero isolates being less sensitive than those of other auxotypes.
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Thiamphenicol
Neisseriaceae
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Objective To investigate the antimicrobial susceptibility and the resistant trend of Neisseria gonorrhoeae strains isolated in Panyu in 2008 to penicillin,tetracycline,spectinomycin, ceftriaxone and ciprofloxacin.Methods The agar dilution method was used to determine the minimum inhibitory concentrations(MIC) to the above five antibiotics.The sensitivities of all strains to the five antibiotics were judged according to criteria used in the project of surveillance of gonococcal antibiotic susceptibility in the WHO Western Pacific Region.Penicillinase-producing Neisseria gonorrhoeae (PPNG) was detected by the paper acidometric method.Results In 107 isolates of Neisseria gonorrhoeae, 94 cases(94/107,87.9%) were penicillin-resistant bacteria,and 43 cases(43/107,40.2%) were PPNG ones.The resistance rate of Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolates was 88.8%to tetracycline;63 strains(58.9%) were plasmid-mediated high level tetracycline-resistant(TRNG);the ciprofloxacin resistance rate was 81.3%.Neither spectinomycin nor ceftriaxone-resistant strains were detected. MIC_(50) and MIC_(90) of penicillin,tetracycline and ciprofloxacin significantly exceeded the resistance standards,especially 1 and over 32 times higher for penicillin.Conclusion Neisseria gonorrhoeae is sensitive to spectinomycin and ceftriaxone,and the two antibiotics may be used as the first choice to treat Neisseria gonorrhoeae infection.The resistance rates of Neisseria gonorrhoeae to penicillin,tetracycline and ciprofloxacin are relatively high,indicating the three antibiotics are insensitive to gonorrhea.
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Spectinomycin
Agar dilution
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Objective To survey the susceptibility and trend of Neisseria gonorrhoeae (N.gonorrhoeae) strains to antibiotic agents in Shanghai from 2001 to 2003. Methods 742 N.gonorrhoeae strains from clinical patients were randomly collected and observed for its susceptibility to five antibiotics.Agar dilution method was used to detect minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of anti-microbial agents:penicillin,tetracycline,spectinomycin,ciprofloxacin and ceftriaxone.β-lactamase testing was perforomed by acidometric method.The plasmid DNA was extracted by alkaline cleavage method. Results 342(46.09%) strains were penicillinase-producing N. gonorrhoeae (PPNG);166(22.37%) strains were high-level tetracycline resistant N.gonorrhoeae (TRNG);718(96.77%) strains were resistant to ciprofloxacin;1 strain was resistant to spectinomycin;No resistant strain to ceftriaxone was found.Multi-resistant (20%) strains to penicillin,tetracycline and ciprofloxacin simultaneously were detected.35 strains were detected for plasmid map,34 trains showed 5.4 and 7.4 kb plasmid respectively. Conclusions The results indicate that at present,spectionmycin and ceftriaxone are the good choice for the treatment of gonorrhea.
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Spectinomycin
Agar dilution
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Of 1031 consecutive isolates of Neisseria gonorrhoeae examined before 31 July 1982, 30 strains showed beta-lactamase activity. All the penicillinase producing N gonorrhoeae (PPNG) strains were imported, 23 of them from South East Asia. One PPNG strain was identified as coming from Antigua and one from Chile, the first PPNG strains to be reported from these two countries. In 28 strains, the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of penicillin was greater than or equal to 4.0 mg/l, and 15 strains were insensitive to tetracycline (MIC greater than or equal to 2.0 mg/l). Four strains were less sensitive to spectinomycin (MIC = 30 mg/l), while the remaining 26 were highly sensitive to this antibiotic. The African plasmid was found in only one strain (that originating from Antigua), and all other PPNG strains contained the Asian plasmid. Twenty PPNG strains contained the resistance plasmid together with the transfer plasmid. Auxotype determination showed that 18 PPNG strains were prototrophic whereas 11 were proline requiring.
Spectinomycin
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Beta-lactamase
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Neisseriaceae
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