Research of Phosphorus Accumulation and Dynamics of Transport in Soybean
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Phosphorus is an important composition elements in soybean,and also very important for yield formation.Experimental materials were SN14,XJH and MSD,the dynamics of phosphorus content of different organs was determined in different development periods and regulation of transport.The results showed that:(1)Phosphorus content in leaf,petiole,stem,root decreased with growth of soybean plant,dynamics of phosphorus content in legume decreased and then increased.(2)Phosphorus accumulation increased with growth of soybean plant,and it changed as a single peak curve in leaf,petiole,stem,root,respectively,phosphorus accumulation in legume increased all the time.(3) The mean of three breeds ratio of phosphorus accumulation in different development periods and total phosphorus accumulation was 27.83%±12.57%,38.47%±3.87%,33.70%±8.93%.(4) Leaf was the center of phosphorus accumulation in earlier growth stage,next was stem,legume was the center of phosphorus accumulation in late growth stage.(5)In legume,40.04% phosphorus was from vegetative organs,ratio of phosphorus which was from leaf,petiole,stem,root,was 9.64%±3.95%、6.89%±3.16%、19.97%±3.97%、3.53%±1.27%,respectively.Keywords:
Petiole (insect anatomy)
Phosphorus deficiency
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Phosphorus deficiency
Transplanting
Nitrogen deficiency
Dry weight
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Abstract To improve nutrient management strategies in wheat more information is needed about the interaction effects among nutrients in their uptake and redistribution in the plants, in relation to different genotypes. Therefore, two bread ( T. aestivum L.) and two durum ( T. durum Desf.) winter wheat cultivars were grown in the field for 2 years (1986, 1987) in a silty‐clay soil under different nitrogen (N) levels, in Northern Greece. Nitrogen at a rate of 150 kg ha −1 was applied before planting or 100 kg ha −1 before planting and then 50 kg ha −1 at early boot stage. Cultivar differences in phosphorus (p) concentration were observed only in vegetative parts but not in the grain. Maximum p accumulation was observed either at anthesis or at maturity. During grain filling dry matter and p accumulation in the grain followed almost the same pattern. Phosphorus translocation efficiency of the cultivars at the 2 years ranged from 70.7 to 84.3 % and the amount of p in the grain derived from translocation 52 to 100 %. Phosphorus translocation efficiency was weakly correlated with p content in grain only in 1986, while phosphorus harvest index (PHI) was positively correlated with harvest indst (HI) both years (r = 0.82** in 1986 and 0.75** in 1987). Nitrogen application mainly affected p accumulation of the cultivars via its effect on biomass production. The split N application promoted slightly the p uptake in 1987 and this resulted in the reduction of both the contribution of the translocated p to the grain and the efficiency of p utilization for total biomass. Results indicated that p accumulation and translocation and the efficiency of p utilization in wheat were mainly determined by the genotype in relation to environmental condition of growth.
Anthesis
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Three soybean varieties,which were widely planted in Heilongjiang province,were planted in pots with the same amount of N and K fertilizer,but four different levels of phosphorus.The nitrogen amounts in different organs were determined with the classical method of Kai's Fixed Nitrogen.The results suggested that there were relatively large effects of phosphorus on the nitrogen accumulation in total plants and each organ.In all three soybean varieties with different phosphorus treatments,the nitrogen amounts in total plants were gradually increased from branching stage and reached peak values at ripening stage.Suitable phosphorus level showed beneficial for the accumulation of nitrogen.The highest accumulation of nitrogen in total plants were obtained with P_5 treatment after flowering stage,indicating that suitable phosphorus application can help nitrogen reaching optimum balance,acquiring higher accumulation level.Nitrogen accumulation was higher in the variety with high protein than that in the variety with medium level of protein and high level of oil content,suggesting the nitrogen requirements was higher in high protein content variety.The higher nitrogen amounts in plants was followed by higher yield of single plant and higher content of protein,whereas fat content was lower.The nitrogen had little effect on fat formation.
Nitrogen deficiency
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We conducted a study to determine whether increased starch accumulation is the cause or the result of decreased growth in phosphorus‐deficient soybean plants ( Glycine max [L.] Merr. cv. Ransom). Nitrate‐dependent plants were provided with nutrient solution containing either 0.05 or 1.00 m M phosphorus. On day 22 after transplanting the phosphorus concentration in solutions supplied to one‐half of the plants that had received 0.05 m M phosphorus was increased to 1.0 m M phosphorus and the phosphorus concentration in solutions supplied to plants that had received 1.0 m M phosphorus was decreased to 0.05 m M P. The other half of plants in each treatment remained at the same external phosphorus concentration to serve as phosphorus‐deficient or phosphorus‐sufficient controls. Onset of phosphorus deficiency decreased (1) photosynthetic capacity through negative effects on whole plant leaf area and photosynthetic rate per unit leaf area and (2) relative growth rate and leaf elongation rate. However, continuous increases in starch concentration in all organs during onset of phosphorus deficiency indicated that decreased nonstructural carbohydrate availability was not the primary cause of decreased growth. During onset of phosphorus deficiency, significant decreases in relative growth rate (3–8‐day interval) and in day and night leaf elongation rate (8 days) occurred before or at the same time as significant increases in stem, leaf and root starch concentrations. These results support the conclusion that disruption of metabolic functions associated with growth impaired utilization of available nonstructural carbohydrate in plants adjusting to phosphorus deficiency. After phosphorus‐deficient plants were transferred to the sufficient external phosphorus concentration, starch concentrations in leaves and stems decreased to those of phosphorus‐sufficient control plants within 3 days. These decreases in starch concentration in leaves and stems preceded measurable changes in relative growth rate (3–8‐day interval), day and night leaf elongation rate (8 days) or CO 2 exchange rate (8 days). Therefore, when soybean plants recover from phosphorus deficiency, starch stored in leaves and stems is ready to be utilized in the synthesis of structural biomass during the time required for activation and/or development of additional photosynthetic capacity.
Phosphorus deficiency
Transplanting
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Phosphorus-32
Hordeum
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Studies on the characteristics of phosphorus efficiency of shoot and root among Guangdong's native soybean ( Glycine max (L.) Merrill) genotypes and the correlation between them and plant were conducted by means of soil pots. The main results were as follows: (1) Compared with adequate phosphorus treatment, there was a relatively greater proportion of root dry biomass to plant dry biomass under low phosphorus treatment. In other words, the ratio of root/shoot was relatively higher under low phosphorus treatment. (2) The shoot part of a great many of soybean genotype plants accumulates more percentage phosphorus under low phosphorus treatment. The higher RVPPER value was, the greater shoot phosphorus uptake (SPU) was, and vice versa. In addition, there were differences between shoot and root in characteristics of phosphorus accumulation. (3) With increase from HND55 to HND58 in RVPPER value, there was a tendency for soybean genotypes to show a gradual increase in SPER and RPER under low phosphorus treatment with the exception of HND39. Also, RPER was greater than SPER under low phosphorus treatment, except for HND08,33,39,57,93,94. (4) Shoot phosphorus uptake (SPU) under low phosphorus treatment can be used as an optimal index explaining characteristics of plant phosphorus efficiency in soybean breeding program.
Germ plasm
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Free-virus potato seed were used to investigate the dry matter accumulation and nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium nutrition characteristics of Hui-2, a high yield potato cultivar. The result showed that the nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P2O5) and potassium (K2O) absorption rate in the leaves were kept paces with the dry matter accumulation rate which showed a double-peak curve , the peak appeared during the seedling to squaring stage and full flowering to late flowering stage respectively. The dry matter accumulation and nutrition absorption had a single-peak curve in the tubers and the peak appeared in wilting stage. Full-bloom stage to wilting stage was the main stage of dry matter formation and nutrition accumulation. Before the final flowering stage, the distribution of dry matter and nutrition in leaf was larger than in tuber, after that, the trend was reverse. The absorption ratio of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium of Hui-2 were nitrogen (N)∶ phosphorus (P2O5)∶potassium (K2O) = 1∶0.140∶1.919, that is, the absorption amount of N, P2O5, and K2O for formation of 500 kg tubers was (N) 2.756 kg, phosphorus (P2O5) 0.310 kg and potassium (K2O) 4.256 kg respectively.
Wilting
Dry weight
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The accumulation of dry matter, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and silicon in 30 rice genotypes and their relationships under field condition were studied. The results showed that dry matter accumulated at ripening stage linearly increased with increase of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and silicon accumulation with highly significant correlation coefficients at both early and late season. At the same time balance of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and silicon accumulation was beneficial for dry matter accumulation, which linearly increased with increase of nutrient balance index and decreased with increase of nutrient deviation index. The nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and silicon were accumulated at the rate of 3.76:1:4.55:7.10 at early season and 2.88:1:4.54:8.09 at late season. During growth period, dry matter accumulation was the highest at middle stage, then late stage and early stage. But nitrogen accumulation was the highest at early stage, then middle stage and late stage. The dry matter accumulated before heading was mainly distributed in stem and leaf sheath, with the highest ratio of stem and leaf sheath to total dry matter at heading stage. In contrast, nitrogen accumulated before heading was mainly distributed in leaf blade, and the ratio of nitrogen in leaf blade to total nitrogen was higher than that of dry matter at either growth stages. Dry matter, nitrogen, phosphorus accumulated at ripening stage were mainly distributed in panicle with rates of 58.01%, 66.42% and 70.06%, respectively. But potassium accumulated at ripening stage was mainly distributed in stem and leaf sheath with the rate of 62.08%. Silicon was largely distributed in stem and leaf sheath at early season with the rate of 43.11%, but distributed largely in panicle at late season with the rate of 46.99%.
Panicle
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Potassium is one of the most important nutrient elements for soybean plant,and plays an important role in soybean production.Experimental materials of XJH,SN14,and MSD were used to determine dynamics of potassium content of different organs in different development periods and regulation of transport.The results showed that:(1) Potassium content in various vegetative organs was high at seedling period,and decreased with the soybean growth and development process.(2) Potassium accumulation increased with growth of soybean plant,and increased at first then decreased for vegetative organs,and increased all the time for legume.(3) The mean of three breeds ratio of potassium accumulation in different development periods and total potassium accumulation was 29.15%±5.47%,49.44%±5.66% and 21.41%±6.86%.(4) Leaf was the center of potassium accumulation in earlier growth stage,and next was stem.In later growth stage,legume was the center of potassium accumulation,and potassium remobilization from vegetative organs to legume occurred during the reproductive growth stage.The percent legume accounted for 85.49%±1.67% of the whole plant.(5) In legume,63.49%±1.45% potassium was from vegetative organs of leaf,petiole,stem and root,which amounting to 24.07%±1.02%,11.14%±1.32%,22.51%±1.03% and 5.78%±1.30%,respectively.
Petiole (insect anatomy)
Vegetative reproduction
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A nutrient solution experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of different levels of phosphorus supply on root morphology and root-water-uptake characteristics of soybean seedlings. Phosphorus concentration had less effect on root dry weight than on shoot dry weight. Low phosphorus stress increased root dry weight and root / shoot ratio. Phosphorus concentration has significant effect on root morphology of soybean seedlings. Root length,root surface area and root volume initially decreased and then increased with increasing phosphorus concentration. The proportion of root length within 0 ~ 1 mm diameter was 93%. Daily average root-water-uptake rates per plant increased with increasing phosphorus concentration within 0 ~ 30 μmol·L- 1,but decreased when phosphorus concentration was over 30 μmol·L- 1. Thus,the soybean roots would change their root morphology in response to various phosphorus concentrations to some extent. In other words,soybean roots would increase under low phosphorus condition but decrease under high phosphorus condition.
Dry weight
Phosphorus deficiency
Morphology
Root system
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