Phosphorus Accumulation and Translocation in Wheat as Affected by Cultivar and Nitrogen Fertilization
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Abstract To improve nutrient management strategies in wheat more information is needed about the interaction effects among nutrients in their uptake and redistribution in the plants, in relation to different genotypes. Therefore, two bread ( T. aestivum L.) and two durum ( T. durum Desf.) winter wheat cultivars were grown in the field for 2 years (1986, 1987) in a silty‐clay soil under different nitrogen (N) levels, in Northern Greece. Nitrogen at a rate of 150 kg ha −1 was applied before planting or 100 kg ha −1 before planting and then 50 kg ha −1 at early boot stage. Cultivar differences in phosphorus (p) concentration were observed only in vegetative parts but not in the grain. Maximum p accumulation was observed either at anthesis or at maturity. During grain filling dry matter and p accumulation in the grain followed almost the same pattern. Phosphorus translocation efficiency of the cultivars at the 2 years ranged from 70.7 to 84.3 % and the amount of p in the grain derived from translocation 52 to 100 %. Phosphorus translocation efficiency was weakly correlated with p content in grain only in 1986, while phosphorus harvest index (PHI) was positively correlated with harvest indst (HI) both years (r = 0.82** in 1986 and 0.75** in 1987). Nitrogen application mainly affected p accumulation of the cultivars via its effect on biomass production. The split N application promoted slightly the p uptake in 1987 and this resulted in the reduction of both the contribution of the translocated p to the grain and the efficiency of p utilization for total biomass. Results indicated that p accumulation and translocation and the efficiency of p utilization in wheat were mainly determined by the genotype in relation to environmental condition of growth.Keywords:
Anthesis
Post‐anthesis nitrogen nutrition should be an important determinant of wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) grain yield because remobilization of vegetative N for grain filling is associated with decreasing photosynthetic activity of leaves. Experimental evidence is contradictory, however. Research was conducted to reconcile different findings on the importance of N nutrition of wheat during grain development and to understand the inverse grain yield/N concentration relationship. Five winter wheat genotypes were grown in sand with nutrient solution in a glasshouse. Two N regimes were imposed at the early boot stage (Feekes scale 9) by continuing the complete nutrient solution by leaching nutrients and supplying solution devoid of N until plants were mature. Plants were harvested 10, 20, or 40 days after anthesis and analyzed for grain and vegetative yields, yield components, and grain and vegetative N concentrations. High N nutrition increased mean biological dry matter yield and grain yield 20 and 40 days after anthesis. Grain yield was significantly correlated with number of spikes per plant, kernels per plant, kernels per spike, and kernel weight. Fertile spikes per plant were affected most by N nutrition, but grain growth rates per plant and per kernel also occasionally increased. Grain N concentration remained nearly constant under low N nutrition, but increased between the first and last samplings under high N nutrition. Vegetative N content wits also nearly constant under high N nutrition, but decreased under low N nutrition as grain filling progressed. We concluded Ihat ample levels of N during late developmental stages are necessary for maximum yields of high‐protein grain.
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Vegetative reproduction
Growing season
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The growth and development of buds, flowers and fruits of two varieties of Capsicum annuum L. were studied. These two varieties are easily distinguishable by their fruit characteristics. Cell division takes place mainly in the bud stage (pre-anthesis). Cell division takes place at the base of the ovary wall and pericarp during anthesis and post-anthesis. Shape of the fruit is, especially in one variety, already clearly distinguishable in the pre-anthesis and is predominantly determined by cell division. Size of the fruit is determined by elongation during anthesis and post-anthesis.
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Capsicum annuum
Bud
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Wheat plants (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Gabo) were grown at two temperatures (18/13 and 24/19�C, Day/night), either with full nutrient availability or deprived of nutrients after floral initiation or after anthesis, in order to identify possible interactions between nutrient availability and response to a temperature higher than the optimum for grain dry weight accumulation. Nutrient deprivation reduced levels of nitrogen, potassium and calcium in the vegetative organs of the plant at anthesis and maturity, and levels of nitrogen and calcium, but not potassium, in the grain. Differences in the distribution of nitrogen, potassium and calcium can be explained on the basis of their phloem mobility. An interaction was observed between nutrition and temperature in the time from seedling emergence to anthesis, the number of tillers at anthesis and the number of heads per plant at maturity. Within the main culm ear, high temperature and low nutrition reduced grain number. High temperature, but not low nutrition, reduced individual grain weights. However, there were no interactions between nutrition and temperature in regulating these responses. Therefore, although nutrition may be an important factor when considering the effect of temperature on tillering, there is no evidence from this study that nutritional status will mask the effects of temperature on the later stages of ear and grain development.
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Dry weight
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以便导致在小麦染色体和 Leymus racemosus 的染色体 5Lr 之间的染色体 translocation， microsporocytes 在 T 的成熟分裂期间。aestivum-L。racemosus disomic 增加线 DA5Lr 被 60Co 光线照耀 800 R (100 R/min ) 。在 flowering 前，对待的尖铁被削弱并且 bagged。在 23 d 以后，削弱的小花从 T 用花粉被传花粉给。aestivum cv。汉语跳。有涉及两个的二个 translocation 染色体的一植物 5Lr 的长、短的手臂被 GISH 在 M1 检测。植物与一 5Lr 与线 DA5Lr，和它的子孙被穿过，二个 translocation 染色体为在他们的花粉母亲房间(PMC ) 配对行为的染色体被分析。在 diplonema 和 Z 塑造的一种十字形的配置或在中期的圆形的四价的配置我被观察，显示二个 translocation 染色体是相互的 translocation。染色体乐队 C 显示涉及相互的 translocation 的小麦染色体属于 A 染色体或 D 染色体。在用探查发现那仅仅 pAs1 信号的 pSc119.2 和 pAs1 的 situ 杂交的荧光在二个 translocation 染色体的小麦染色体片断是在场的。联合这些结果，相互的 chromosomal translocation 被指定为 T7DS 吗？？
Leymus
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Chromosomal translocation is one of the most common types of chromosome abnormalities. Chromosomal translocation includes balanced and unbalanced translocation. However, it is difficult to detect balanced translocation because most balanced translocations have no excess or deficiency about genetic information and remain clinically asymptomatic; recently balanced translocation is related to infertility. Among balanced translocation of the 22nd and 11st, t (11;22) (q23.3;q11.2) balanced translocation is considered representative. Generally, in balanced translocation, it is thought that cases with abnormal phenotypes such as malformation are rare. t (11;22) (q23.3;q11.2) balanced translocation has not been reported to be a risk factor for cleft lip and palate. We report a case of t (11;22) (q23.3;q11.2) balanced translocation with unilateral complete cleft lip and palate.
Chromosomal rearrangement
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In the previous papers, it was reported that the effect of high temperature on fruit setting and yield differed by the growth stages of seedlings, and it was also suggested that this result was due to the difference in susceptibility of flower buds and flowers of different stages of development on the seedlings to high temperature.Experiments reported here were conducted to determine the effect of high temperature on the flower buds and flowers of different stages of development, the stages of buds being accurately defined by measuring their length. As high correlation was found between the length of flower buds and the duration of time to their anthesis, the stages of flower buds were expressed in terms of days to anthesis.Seedlings of two groups (in one group, the first flower of first cluster just opened; and in another group, all the flowers in first cluster opened) were exposed to 40°C for three hours daily, twice.Percentage of setting of flower buds treated 11 days before anthesis was 100%, 9-5 days before 10-20%, 3 days before 70%, and one day before 100%. Percentage of setting of flowers 1-3 days after anthesis was 20%, and 8 days after anthesis 100%. Thus it was revealed that flower buds of 9-5 days before anthesis and flowers of 1-3 days after anthesis were highly susceptible to high temperature.Hand pollination with normal pollen increased the setting percentage of flowers which had been treated 7-5 days before anthesis to 60%, but failed to increase the set of flower buds treated at other stages. This result shows that the high temperature treatment affected both pistill and stamen in the flower buds of 9 days before anthesis, while it affected mainly stamen in the buds of 7-5 days before anthesis.p-chlorophenoxyacetic acid (CPA) spray improved setting of flowers treated with high temperature after anthesis, but did not increase the setting of flowers treated at their bud stages.Considerable number of small fruits appeared from the flowers treated with high temperature after anthesis. CPA spray on these flowers after high temperature treatment did not alter this tendency.Percentage of puffy fruits, though degree of puffiness was very slight, was increased by the high temperature treatment. CPA spray increased green gelatinous fruits, and the high temperature had a synergistic effect on the incidence of these fruits.Highly positive correlation was found between the number of seeds per fruit and fruit weight. Fruit weight per seed was 0.36g in the control, 0.34g in the plot treated with CPA, and 0.49g in the plot treated with high temperature.
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Bud
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Chromosome translocation of t(14;18) can be detected in most cases of centroblastic/centrocytic follicular lymphomas. They are causative factors of lymphomas but the translocation is present in different other types of diseases although the translocation does not belong to the features of these illnesses. Our present work shows the appearance of t(14;18) translocation in lymphocytes of two patients of Sjögren's syndrome, one that of Whipple disease as well as one of healthy donors' lymphocytes using polymerase chain reaction technique presented in one of our previous publication. The translocation occurred in the mbr of bcl-2 gene in all cases showed and the bcl-2 gene was coupled with the immunoglobulin heavy chain gene. These results are definitively positive concerning the fact of translocation as it has been proved by sequencing of the amplification products showed in our earlier and present paper. Because relatively high percentages of Sjögren's syndrome patients develop later on lymphoma, the early detection of the translocation could result in a more successful diagnosis as well as treatment of the disease. The question arises, however, what role the translocation plays in illnesses such as the Whipple disease or what kind of consequences can be drawn from the appearance of the t(14;18) translocation in lymphocytes of healthy donors.
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Abstract Calcium translocation into the fruit of the ‘Golden Delicious’ apple was restricted by applications of 2,3,5-triiodobenzoic acid (TIBA) applied 2, 4, and 6 weeks after anthesis whereas Ca translocation into the leaves and into the shoots was virtually unaffected. Ca translocation was measured by introducing 0.01 m CaCl 2 + 45 Ca into the cut end of previously sprayed shoots and by measuring 45 ca translocation into various parts. TIBA applied nearer to anthesis was more effective in decreasing Ca translocation.
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Field experiment was conducted to find out the influence of foliar nutrition on growth and seed yield of pulse crop during Rabi 2013-14. The experiment was laid out in split plot design and replicated thrice. The pulse crop viz., blackgram, greengram, cowpea and horse gram were tried as treatments under main plot. Foliar nutrient sprays viz., 2% DAP, 1% KCL, 1% boron, 1% MgSO4, 1% ZnSO4 and without foliar spray were fitted under sub plot. Foliar spray treatment with the aqueous solution of nutrients was done to the 30 and 45 DAS of pulse crop. Significant increase was recorded in plant height, dry matter production, and number pod plant-1, number of seed plant-1, test grain weight, yield and grain yield with foliar application of nutrients. Maximum grain yield was recorded when spread with 2% DAP followed by 1% KCl at flowering and 15 days later is the viable nutrient management package to the pulses for getting higher income through higher productivity.
Nutrient Management
Test weight
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