Structure of Catalpalactone, a New Phthalide from Catalpa Wood
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Abstract:
Catalpalactone, C15H14O4, a new type of phthalide derivative has been isolated from the wood of Catalpa ovata G.DON and C.bignonioides WALT, and its structure has been determined to be represented by the formula (I).Keywords:
Phthalide
Derivative (finance)
Bast fibre
Bast fibre
Ramie
Textile
Textile industry
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From the marine sponge-derived fungus Stachylidium sp. six novel phthalide-related compounds, cyclomarinone (1), maristachones A–E (2–5), and marilactone (6), were isolated. The structure of compound 1 comprises a hydroxycyclopentenone ring instead of the furanone ring characteristic for phthalides and represents a new carbon arrangement within polyketides. In the epimeric compounds 5a and 5b the phthalide (=isobenzofuranone) nucleus is modified to an isobenzofuran ring with ketal and acetal functionalities. Biosynthetically the structural skeletons of cyclomarinone (1) and maristachones A (2), C (4), D (5a), and E (5b) are most unusual due to the presence of an additional carbon atom when compared to the basic polyketide skeleton. This special biosynthetic feature also holds true for the likewise isolated polyketide marilactone (6).
Phthalide
Carbon skeleton
Sponge
Isocoumarins
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Phthalide
Diastereomer
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This chapter gives and overview of the different bast fibre types (ramie, flax, hemp, kenaf and jute), usage history, current production capacity, molecular and morphological structure, properties (mechanical, physical and chemical), bast fibre production (cultivation and harvesting), fibre extraction and characterization of the physical dimensions, tensile strength and colour and cleanness. The different end-use applications of bast fibre, such as apparel and non-woven fabrics, bioenergy and bio-based products, by-product utilization and future trends are discussed.
Bast fibre
Kenaf
Ramie
Retting
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Bio-based products have many merits compared to traditional products, comprising low cost, low density, and biodegradability. Bast fibres are potential to be one of the main components of bioproducts. Although many papers have been published focusing on bast fibres, none of them has reviewed all approaches applied to extract bast fibres, and properties of bast fibres. This study presents detail characteristics of common bast fibres, including hemp, flax, kenaf, ramie, and jute, and all strategies that have been employed to extract these bast fibres. In summary, mechanical decortication and retting are the two main methods for bast fibre extraction. The main challenge of decortication is fibre wrapping around the rotating machine parts, and low fibre purity. Post-decortication cleaning is necessary to increase fibre purity. However, it is difficulty to remove shives from fibres, due the tangling nature of bast fibre. Properly designed retting process can produce high purity fibre; however, the main drawback is the generation of wastewater. Properties of bast fibre are highly variable, depending on the chemical composition and the environment conditions. Promising characteristics of bast fibres are low density and reasonably high mechanical properties which make them suitable to replace synthetic fibres; however, low thermal stability, hydrophilic properties, and low free surface energy of bast fibres are weak attributes for bioproducts. Technology is required to be developed to address the challenges for bast fibre extraction and the undesired properties of bast fibre.
Bast fibre
Retting
Kenaf
Ramie
Maceration (sewage)
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Phthalide-3-carboxylic acids decarboxylate readily in the presence of imines, the product depending on the solvent used. In dimethyl sulfoxide, or in the absence of solvent, at 130�, the product is the 3-alkyl 3-hydroxyisoindolone or its dehydration product, but in acetic anhydride at 130� the product is a mixture of diastereoisomeric 3-acetylarninoalkylphthalides. The reactions can be applied to the synthesis of natural products such as the isoindoloisoquinoline and phthalideisoquinoline alkaloids.
Phthalide
Biocatalysis
Natural product
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3-(Phenylthio)phthalide 4 is more readily accessible than the established reagents 1 and 2 and can be engaged in phthalide annulation with comparable efficacy.
Phthalide
Annulation
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This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Cultivation and Harvesting of Okra Plant Extraction of Bast Fibers from Okra Plant Composition, Morphology, and Properties of Okra Bast Fiber Modification Methods of Okra Bast fiber Potential Application Areas of Okra Bast Fiber-Reinforced Biocomposites Conclusions and Future Work
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The utilization of agricultural crops straw and cotton bast fibers resource,the problems in textile materials resource are analyzed in this paper.Natural cellulose fibers from cotton bast will be used for textile industry and degradable composites.The utilization of cotton bast fibers meets the demand of a frugal society in China.
Bast fibre
Textile
Kenaf
Textile industry
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