Okra Bast Fiber as Potential Reinforcement Element of Biocomposites: Can It Be the Flax of the Future?
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This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Cultivation and Harvesting of Okra Plant Extraction of Bast Fibers from Okra Plant Composition, Morphology, and Properties of Okra Bast Fiber Modification Methods of Okra Bast fiber Potential Application Areas of Okra Bast Fiber-Reinforced Biocomposites Conclusions and Future WorkKeywords:
Bast fibre
Bast fibre
Ramie
Textile
Textile industry
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Natural abundance, high strength-to-weight ratios, and their biodegradable nature make bast fibers (belong to plant fiber) attractive as reinforcing agents in polymer composite world. However, certain restrictions such as inferior fire resistance, storing the raw fibers for extending duration because of possibility of degradability, and high water uptake capacity greatly reduce the potential of bast fibers to be used as reinforcing materials in polymer composites. These problems can be easily overcome by applying the suitable chemical treatment to the bast fiber. In this chapter, the various bast fibers (flax, grewia optiva, hemp, nettle, and jute) reinforced polymer composites are discussed with a special detailing on the effect of chemical treatment of bast fibers on physicomechanical behavior and their applications.
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Research was conducted into obtaining fibrous semi-manufactured products for subsequent bleaching from industrial hemp stalks, hemp wood, and hemp bast fibres. The course of del ignification of these kinds of fibrous raw materials in the kraft pulping process was inves tigated. It was found that there are differences in this process due to significant differences in the chemical composition of hemp stalks, hemp wood, and hemp bast fibres. In the case of hemp bast fibres, an attempt at oxygen delignification was made with the omission of the pulping process. Attempts were also made to carry out the joint pulping of industrial hemp and wood. It was shown that when industrial hemp and wood are pulped together, they are delignified similarly to that during separate processes.
Bast fibre
Papermaking
Pine wood
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This chapter gives and overview of the different bast fibre types (ramie, flax, hemp, kenaf and jute), usage history, current production capacity, molecular and morphological structure, properties (mechanical, physical and chemical), bast fibre production (cultivation and harvesting), fibre extraction and characterization of the physical dimensions, tensile strength and colour and cleanness. The different end-use applications of bast fibre, such as apparel and non-woven fabrics, bioenergy and bio-based products, by-product utilization and future trends are discussed.
Bast fibre
Kenaf
Ramie
Retting
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Bast fibers from Apocynum venetum (A. venetum) have the potential to be a natural cellulose textile fiber similar to jute and ramie. In this study, endeavors were made to extract fiber from the bast of A. venetum using a new chemical degumming method (Fiber-N) instead of traditional acid pretreatment and alkali degumming. Traditional chemical degumming (Fiber-C) has certain disadvantages, such as the use of acid for pretreatment and prolonged high-temperature cooking, which causes severe fiber damage and is also an environmental hazard. To overcome these limitations, it is essential to find a new chemical degumming method. Fibers obtained by the new method (Fiber-N) and the traditional method (Fiber-C) were characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), residual gum content, fiber yield, and mechanical property measurement. Compared with Fiber-C, 2 h of the new degumming method (2 h Fiber-N) exhibited 15.15% lower residual gum content, 48.5% higher breaking strength, 22.15% higher breaking elongation, and 27.27% higher fiber yield along with substantial savings of water and energy, 22.22% and 60.75% respectively. Furthermore, SEM images of the Fiber-N process fibers showed a smooth surface with no impurities, indicating that the Fiber-N process is simpler, efficient, and could be a superior method of extracting fibers from the bast of A. venetum.
Bast fibre
Ramie
Cellulose fiber
Synthetic fiber
Natural fiber
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Bio-based products have many merits compared to traditional products, comprising low cost, low density, and biodegradability. Bast fibres are potential to be one of the main components of bioproducts. Although many papers have been published focusing on bast fibres, none of them has reviewed all approaches applied to extract bast fibres, and properties of bast fibres. This study presents detail characteristics of common bast fibres, including hemp, flax, kenaf, ramie, and jute, and all strategies that have been employed to extract these bast fibres. In summary, mechanical decortication and retting are the two main methods for bast fibre extraction. The main challenge of decortication is fibre wrapping around the rotating machine parts, and low fibre purity. Post-decortication cleaning is necessary to increase fibre purity. However, it is difficulty to remove shives from fibres, due the tangling nature of bast fibre. Properly designed retting process can produce high purity fibre; however, the main drawback is the generation of wastewater. Properties of bast fibre are highly variable, depending on the chemical composition and the environment conditions. Promising characteristics of bast fibres are low density and reasonably high mechanical properties which make them suitable to replace synthetic fibres; however, low thermal stability, hydrophilic properties, and low free surface energy of bast fibres are weak attributes for bioproducts. Technology is required to be developed to address the challenges for bast fibre extraction and the undesired properties of bast fibre.
Bast fibre
Retting
Kenaf
Ramie
Maceration (sewage)
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The traditional Hanji-making was confronted with lots of industrial disadvantages and economic problems, due to the original hand-made process. Recently, the studies on the automation of overall Hanji manufacturing process is carried out by applying the commercial chemical pulping method in order to expand industrial application or efficiency of non-wood fibrous materials. However, the application of commercial pulping methods to the bast tissues of paper mulberry leads to the chemical and mechanical deterioration of cellulosic fibers. In this study, the optimal cooking method using the bast parts of paper mulberry produced by an auto- scraping device was applied to minimize the damage of fiber strength for the paper yarn manufacture. The pre-steaming treatment and alkaline pulping systems were evaluated in removal efficiency of lignin and pectin materials within the bast tissue of paper mulberry. With the application of pre-steaming treatment and 2 stage pulping system using potassium carbonate and then sodium hydroxide, kappa values were decreased two times more in lignin removal than the single stage of pulping method. It was also identified from SEM images and ATR-FTIR spectra that the pectin components within cellular structure of bast tissue were easily removed and the debarked bast parts by a auto-scraping device were easily defiberized by 2-stage pulping sequence using potassium carbonate/sodium hydroxide pulping system.
Bast fibre
Sodium hydroxide
Steaming
Potassium hydroxide
Sodium carbonate
Pectin
Soda pulping
Potassium carbonate
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The value for pulpwood raw material of Guangyechu, a bast containing fast growing species is evaluated, its white bast is pulping with 4 kinds of pulping processes. The process parameters of ammonium sulphite pulping are optimized. The optimum condition is as follows: dosage of ammonium sulphite 18%, carbamide 5%,AQ 0.15%, liquor ratio 1∶6,the time at maximum temperature of 165℃ 2 hours. The yield, K value and brightness of screened pulp are 48.6%, 3.24, 51.0%ISO respectively.
Bast fibre
Pulpwood
Soda pulping
Ammonium chloride
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The utilization of agricultural crops straw and cotton bast fibers resource,the problems in textile materials resource are analyzed in this paper.Natural cellulose fibers from cotton bast will be used for textile industry and degradable composites.The utilization of cotton bast fibers meets the demand of a frugal society in China.
Bast fibre
Textile
Kenaf
Textile industry
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