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    Deformation Monitoring and Analysis: Geotechnical and Structural Techniques
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    Abstract:
    This chapter describes the observables and the operation principles of various geotechnical instrumentations for deformation monitoring. It discusses the advantages and disadvantages (or limitations) of various geotechnical instrumentations for deformation monitoring. The geotechnical and structural techniques of deformation monitoring mainly focus on monitoring and analysis of hydroelectric dams. The chapter discusses the various applications of geotechnical monitoring techniques, using extensometers, four-pin gauges, joint meters, plumblines, inclinometers, tiltmeters, fiber-optic sensors (FOS), and micro-electro-mechanical system (MEMS) sensors. In Geomatics, the design of monitoring schemes is usually done based on the criteria such as precision, reliability, and overall cost of measurements. The chapter identifies the differences between geotechnical and geodetic deformation monitoring schemes. It explores accuracy specifications for various geotechnical instrumentations with regard to deformation monitoring. The chapter explains how geotechnical monitoring techniques complement geodetic monitoring techniques.
    Keywords:
    Inclinometer
    Extensometer
    Tiltmeter
    Deformation monitoring
    Geotechnical investigation
    Vibrating wire
    Abstract Geotechnical monitoring and instrumentation are indispensable parts of the Observational Approach. in tunnel design and construction. They are an essential requirement for a proper risk management. Since 2013 several standards, valid both in Europe under CEN and international under ISO, were developed dealing with geotechnical monitoring. Five standards have been published by 2020, covering general rules, extensometer, inclinometer, piezometer and pressure cells. Further standards on settlement measurements, strain monitoring and load cells are in progress and will be published in the next few years.
    Inclinometer
    Extensometer
    Piezometer
    Instrumentation
    Settlement (finance)
    Vibrating wire
    Citations (3)
    An innovative earth retention system consisting of battered micropiles and permanent ground anchors attached to a concrete cap beam was used to stabilize the Blue Trail Landslide on U.S. Highway 26/89 in Wyoming. Design, construction, and performance of the system are described in this report. Field instrumentation used for monitoring and performance analysis included strain gages on eight micropiles and load cells on four permanent ground anchors. Slope inclinometer readings, survey monuments, and tiltmeter measurements were used to determine ground and wall movements during and after construction. Pressure transducers in groundwater observation wells were used to monitoring pore water pressures. Field observations show that this stabilization system is highly effective in controlling ground movements which had been causing roadway damage for over twenty years. It is also concluded that this system provided the Wyoming Department of Transportation with an economical and environmentally acceptable solution to a difficult engineering problem. Assumptions and procedures used in the design of the stabilization system are reviewed and compared to field observations. It was found that installation and post-tensioning of permanent ground anchors following installation of micropiles can result in micropile loads which are opposite in direction compared to those assumed for design purposes. This load reversal was observed in micropiles of one wall studied for this project. Recommendations for improving design procedures are presented.
    Inclinometer
    Tiltmeter
    Strain gauge
    Vibrating wire
    Instrumentation
    Extensometer
    Ground movement
    Citations (2)
    This chapter describes the observables and the operation principles of various geotechnical instrumentations for deformation monitoring. It discusses the advantages and disadvantages (or limitations) of various geotechnical instrumentations for deformation monitoring. The geotechnical and structural techniques of deformation monitoring mainly focus on monitoring and analysis of hydroelectric dams. The chapter discusses the various applications of geotechnical monitoring techniques, using extensometers, four-pin gauges, joint meters, plumblines, inclinometers, tiltmeters, fiber-optic sensors (FOS), and micro-electro-mechanical system (MEMS) sensors. In Geomatics, the design of monitoring schemes is usually done based on the criteria such as precision, reliability, and overall cost of measurements. The chapter identifies the differences between geotechnical and geodetic deformation monitoring schemes. It explores accuracy specifications for various geotechnical instrumentations with regard to deformation monitoring. The chapter explains how geotechnical monitoring techniques complement geodetic monitoring techniques.
    Inclinometer
    Extensometer
    Tiltmeter
    Deformation monitoring
    Geotechnical investigation
    Vibrating wire