International and European standards for geotechnical monitoring and instrumentation
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Abstract Geotechnical monitoring and instrumentation are indispensable parts of the Observational Approach. in tunnel design and construction. They are an essential requirement for a proper risk management. Since 2013 several standards, valid both in Europe under CEN and international under ISO, were developed dealing with geotechnical monitoring. Five standards have been published by 2020, covering general rules, extensometer, inclinometer, piezometer and pressure cells. Further standards on settlement measurements, strain monitoring and load cells are in progress and will be published in the next few years.Keywords:
Inclinometer
Extensometer
Piezometer
Instrumentation
Settlement (finance)
Vibrating wire
Extensometer
Inclinometer
Piezometer
Deformation monitoring
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As part of the 'New Shaft Construction Techniques' research project, the Gewerkschaft Walter company conducted a measurement program during the sinking of Voerde shaft from July 1982 to June 1985 comprising rock pressure measurements in the outer lining, extensometer readings and inclinometer readings in the foundation, inclination measurements in freeze boreholes after the freezing operation and asphalt thickness measurements. The rock pressure measurements in the outer lining found wall migration of only 2 cm in 98 days. Two years of extensometer readings came up with a buckling of 1.7mm. Inclinometers recorded no appreciable inclinations. The maximum displacement established by inclination measurement in freeze holes at depths of 200 to 500 m was 20 cm after the freezing operation. The asphalt joint could not be measured as cable damage made the metering equipment unusable. 12 refs., 2 figs., 3 tabs.
Extensometer
Inclinometer
Instrumentation
Metering mode
Pressure measurement
Tiltmeter
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In Providence, Rhode Island, there have been several instances where construction activities such as pile driving or excavation have caused significant movements of adjacent ground and nearby structures founded on non-plastic silts. This paper presents a case study documenting substantial and unusual movements of a braced excavation that were observed during construction of a pile-supported sewer structure. Both inclinometer and piezometer data are presented. The piezometer data suggest that the unusual ground movements were likely attributed to excess pore pressures that were generated during driving of H-piles at the bottom of the excavation. The field instrumentation data will be particularly useful in future modeling efforts to better understand the performance of foundations and braced excavations in the Providence silts.
Inclinometer
Piezometer
Silt
Instrumentation
Ground movement
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Inclinometer
Extensometer
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Construction, instrumentation, and lateral load testing of eight 0.9m (36in.) diameter columns solely supported by the geogrid-reinforced backfill behind a 6m (20 ft) tall MSE wall was conducted for the Kansas Department of Transportation (KDOT). This paper describes the instrumentation of the wall and the performance of that instrumentation. Instrumentation included 24 pressure cells, 16 inclinometer locations, 112 strain gauges, 20 telltales, 84 photo target locations on the wall facing, and load cells and LVDTs associated with lateral load and response. A detailed discussion of the photogrammetric process used to remotely measure wall deflections through the use of cameras and AutoCAD is presented. A discussion of the relative benefits of the different methods of instrumentation is included.
Instrumentation
Inclinometer
Strain gauge
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Abstract Geotechnical monitoring and instrumentation are indispensable parts of the Observational Approach. in tunnel design and construction. They are an essential requirement for a proper risk management. Since 2013 several standards, valid both in Europe under CEN and international under ISO, were developed dealing with geotechnical monitoring. Five standards have been published by 2020, covering general rules, extensometer, inclinometer, piezometer and pressure cells. Further standards on settlement measurements, strain monitoring and load cells are in progress and will be published in the next few years.
Inclinometer
Extensometer
Piezometer
Instrumentation
Settlement (finance)
Vibrating wire
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Extensometer
Vibrating wire
Strain gauge
Strain (injury)
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Several incidents of lateral movement and failures of estuarine structures have been reported in Sarawak. These structures located in very soft and deep sedimentary soils are usually supported on pile foundations. There is a 4 to 7 m daily tidal fluctuation in these locations, the effect of which on the ground and the piles is usually neglected in design. A study has been undertaken to formulate improved approaches for the design of riverine and estuarine structures. The validation of a theoretical model requires data on ground movement and pore water pressure changes due to tidal fluctuation. Accordingly, piezometers and inclinometer casings were installed at the sites of two structures where a bridge and jetty are proposed to be constructed. The inclinometers measure the lateral movement of the river banks and a pile installed in the riverbed. The piezometer and inclinometer readings are being recorded periodically. The paper explains the background of the study, case histories of failures, soil conditions at the two sites, details of instrumentation, results of measurement, and the interpretations.
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Jetty
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Works carried out to monitor the displacements of the Vallcebre landslide (Pyrenees range, NE of Spain) since 1987 are presented. The landslide, which extends over an area of about 0.8 km2 and affects more than 20 × 106 m3, has experienced displacements of up to one meter per year in some points and periods. It has been periodically monitored since 1987, using a wide range of surface and in-hole techniques: triangulation with theodolite, Terrestrial Photogrammetry, Electronic Distance Measurement, GNSS-GPS, inclinometers, wire extensometers, piezometers, DInSAR (satellite) and GBSAR (terrestrial). The results obtained using new techniques are compared with those obtained with GNSS-GPS and a wire extensometer, and checked against fixed stable points. From this comparison, we conclude that even though wire extensometers and inclinometers may have the highest precision, in practice, all systems play potentially valuable roles in providing meaningful data for monitoring at different study stages. In the near future, we envisage the installation of a Distributed Fiber Optic array to monitor the risk with a certain space and time continuity. After the evaluation of the precision and advantages of the different methods, the complementary use of some of them is strongly recommended.
Extensometer
Inclinometer
Theodolite
Tiltmeter
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Inclinometer
Extensometer
Strain gauge
Settlement (finance)
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