Energy efficient ISI mitigation for communication via diffusion
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Molecular communication (MC) aims to develop a promising bio-inspired communication paradigm for nanotechnology, in which molecules are used to encode, transmit, and receive information. One of the main challenges in MC is the intersymbol interference (ISI) caused by the nature of the diffusion channel. The most popular solution to reduce the effects of ISI in MC is to keep the symbol duration as long as possible and reduce the number of molecules that can be received in subsequent symbol durations. On the other hand, a long symbol duration leads to a very low data rate, even for very short distances. Furthermore, due to the size of the nano-scale machines, production of energy becomes an essential problem. In this paper, an ISI mitigation technique for diffusion-based molecular communication channels, titled Molecular Transition Shift Keying (MTSK) is proposed in order to increase the data rate via suppressing the negative impact of the ISI on communication quality. MTSK employs multiple molecule types and the energy efficient extended version of MTSK with power adjustment (MTSK-PA) makes use of the residual molecules in the channel to reduce the ISI that would otherwise contribute to the ISI. It is shown via computer simulations that both MTSK and MTSK-PA outperforms the standard modulation techniques proposed in the literature.Keywords:
Molecular Communication
Nyquist ISI criterion
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Channel memory and intersymbol interference (ISI) are harmful factors in diffusion-based molecular communication (DBMC) between bionanosensors. To tackle these problems, this article proposes a lightweight ISI-mitigating coding scheme to improve the system performance by shaping the signal using a constrained code. To characterize the proposed coding scheme theoretically, we derive analytical expressions for the bit error rate (BER) and the achievable rate based on the central limit theorem. Computer simulations are conducted to verify the accuracy of the theoretical results and demonstrate the superiority of the proposed coding scheme compared with the existing coding schemes.
Molecular Communication
Nyquist ISI criterion
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We consider a molecular communication system comprised of a transmitter, an absorbing receiver, and an interference source. Assuming amplitude modulation, we analyze the dependence of the bit error rate (BER) on the detection interval, which is the time within one transmission symbol interval during which the receiver is active to absorb and detect the number of information-carrying molecules. We then propose efficient algorithms to determine the optimal detection interval that minimizes the BER of the molecular communication system assuming no inter-symbol interference (ISI). Simulation and numerical evaluations are provided to highlight further insights into the optimal results. For example, we demonstrate that the optimal detection interval can be very small compared to the transmission symbol interval. Moreover, our numerical results show that significant BER improvements are achieved by using the optimal detection interval for systems without and with ISI.
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In this paper, a generalized strength-based signal detection model for Concentration-Encoded Molecular Communication (CEMC) has been presented. The generalized strength-based signal detection problem in diffusion-based CEMC system has been investigated in the presence of both diffusion noise and int
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Detection theory
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Molecular communication (MC) is a new communication engineering paradigm where molecules are employed as information carriers. MC via diffusion is the most promising approach for the communication between nanomachines. Intersymbol interference (ISI) caused by the Brownian motion of diffusion molecules will seriously affected the reliability of communication. Meanwhile, with the increase of communication distance, the signal attenuation is serious, which leads to the decline of communication quality. In this paper, a decode-and-forward (DF) relay in diffusion-based molecular communication systems is proposed to improve communication quality, in which the depleted molecule shift keying (D-MoSK) coding is used to reduce ISI. The channel performance including the BER and capacity is analyzed. Meanwhile, the relationship among BER, capacity, and the key parameters, including the number of the released molecules, receiving radius, and relay position, is investigated. The simulation experiments show that the proposal D-MoSK coding can improve the communication reliability significantly, in which the performance gain can be maximized through optimizing the position of relay and the receiving radius.
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Molecular Communication (MC) is a bio-inspired paradigm where information is exchanged by the release, the propagation and the reception of molecules. The objective of this paper is to analyze the effects of interference in the most general type of MC system, i.e., the diffusion of molecules in a fluidic medium. The study of the InterSymbol Interference (ISI) and Co-Channel Interference (CCI) is conducted through the analysis of the propagation of signals in a diffusion-based channel. An in-depth analysis of the attenuation and the dispersion of signals due to molecule diffusion allows to derive simple closed-form formulas for both ISI and CCI. In this paper, two different modulation schemes, namely, the baseband modulation and the diffusion wave modulation are considered for the release of molecules in the diffusion-based MC and are compared in terms of interference. It is determined that the diffusion wave modulation scheme shows lower interference values than the baseband modulation scheme. Moreover, it is revealed that the higher is the frequency of the modulating diffusion wave, the lower are the effects of the ISI and the CCI on the communication channel. The obtained analytical results are compared and validated by numerical simulation results.
Molecular Communication
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Molecular diffusion
Adjacent-channel interference
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Molecular communication is a promising nanoscale communication paradigm that enables nanomachines to exchange information by using molecules as communication carrier. Up to now, the molecular communication channel between a transmitter nanomachine (TN) and a receiver nanomachine (RN) has been modeled as either concentration channel or timing channel. However, these channel models necessitate exact time synchronization of the nanomachines and provide a relatively low communication bandwidth. In this paper, the Molecular ARray-based COmmunication (MARCO) scheme is proposed, in which the transmission order of different molecules is used to convey molecular information without any need for time synchronization. The MARCO channel model is first theoretically derived, and the intersymbol interference and error probabilities are obtained. Based on the error probability, achievable communication rates are analytically obtained. Numerical results and performance comparisons reveal that MARCO provides significantly higher communication rate, i.e., on the scale of 100 Kbps, than the previously proposed molecular communication models without any need for synchronization. More specifically, MARCO can provide more than 250 Kbps of molecular communication rate if intersymbol time and internode distance are set to 2 μs and 2 nm, respectively.
Molecular Communication
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Molecular communication (MC) aims to develop a promising bio-inspired communication paradigm for nanotechnology, in which molecules are used to encode, transmit, and receive information. One of the main challenges in MC is the intersymbol interference (ISI) caused by the nature of the diffusion channel. The most popular solution to reduce the effects of ISI in MC is to keep the symbol duration as long as possible and reduce the number of molecules that can be received in subsequent symbol durations. On the other hand, a long symbol duration leads to a very low data rate, even for very short distances. Furthermore, due to the size of the nano-scale machines, production of energy becomes an essential problem. In this paper, an ISI mitigation technique for diffusion-based molecular communication channels, titled Molecular Transition Shift Keying (MTSK) is proposed in order to increase the data rate via suppressing the negative impact of the ISI on communication quality. MTSK employs multiple molecule types and the energy efficient extended version of MTSK with power adjustment (MTSK-PA) makes use of the residual molecules in the channel to reduce the ISI that would otherwise contribute to the ISI. It is shown via computer simulations that both MTSK and MTSK-PA outperforms the standard modulation techniques proposed in the literature.
Molecular Communication
Nyquist ISI criterion
Modulation (music)
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A molecular communication (MC) system as compared to the traditional communication system differs in terms of signalling and the medium of communication. Design and selection of modulation scheme is one of the important aspect in realisation of a reliable communication system. In this letter, we propose a novel binary bit addition modulation scheme for diffusion based MC system which utilizes the simple binary addition principle and reduces the effective number of molecules which are released from the transmitter. We study the performance analysis in terms of the bit error rate (BER) and derive the closed-form expressions for the probabilities of symbol detection. We compare the proposed modulation scheme with the binary concentration shift keying scheme and show that the proposed scheme has a lower BER and the gap in the BER increases as the number of molecules increases showing the effectiveness when the number of transmitted molecules is large. Furthermore, through extensive simulation results, we show the performance of the proposed modulation scheme for the diffusion based MC system.
Molecular Communication
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Frequency-shift keying
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The Bit Error Rate (BER) of the diffusive molecular communication (DMC) systems employing on-off keying (OOK) modulation. We also analyze the BER of the OOK-modulated DMC systems with inter- symbol interference cancellation (ISIC). Our main motivation is to introduce alternative tools for analyzing and efficiently computing the BER of the DMC systems without or with ISIC. Specifically, for the OOK-modulated DMC systems without ISIC, we first derive an exact BER expression based on the Poisson modeling of DMC systems. Then, the Gaussian- and Gamma-approximation approaches are introduced to approximate the discrete Poisson distribution, and based on the approximation approaches, the corresponding BER expressions are derived.
Molecular Communication
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Expression (computer science)
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We consider a molecular communication system comprised of a transmitter, an absorbing receiver, and an interference source. Assuming amplitude modulation, we analyze the dependence of the bit error rate (BER) on the detection interval, which is the time within one transmission symbol interval during which the receiver is active to absorb and detect the number of information-carrying molecules. We then propose efficient algorithms to determine the optimal detection interval that minimizes the BER of the molecular communication system assuming no inter-symbol interference (ISI). Simulation and numerical evaluations are provided to highlight further insights into the optimal results. For example, we demonstrate that the optimal detection interval can be very small compared to the transmission symbol interval. Moreover, our numerical results show that significant BER improvements are achieved by using the optimal detection interval for systems without and with ISI.
Molecular Communication
Symbol (formal)
Modulation (music)
Detection theory
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Citations (12)