Nanoscale Communication With Molecular Arrays in Nanonetworks
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Abstract:
Molecular communication is a promising nanoscale communication paradigm that enables nanomachines to exchange information by using molecules as communication carrier. Up to now, the molecular communication channel between a transmitter nanomachine (TN) and a receiver nanomachine (RN) has been modeled as either concentration channel or timing channel. However, these channel models necessitate exact time synchronization of the nanomachines and provide a relatively low communication bandwidth. In this paper, the Molecular ARray-based COmmunication (MARCO) scheme is proposed, in which the transmission order of different molecules is used to convey molecular information without any need for time synchronization. The MARCO channel model is first theoretically derived, and the intersymbol interference and error probabilities are obtained. Based on the error probability, achievable communication rates are analytically obtained. Numerical results and performance comparisons reveal that MARCO provides significantly higher communication rate, i.e., on the scale of 100 Kbps, than the previously proposed molecular communication models without any need for synchronization. More specifically, MARCO can provide more than 250 Kbps of molecular communication rate if intersymbol time and internode distance are set to 2 μs and 2 nm, respectively.Keywords:
Molecular Communication
Nano-networks focused on communication of nano-sized devices (nanomachines) are a new communication concept, which is known as Molecular Communication (MC) in the literature. In this study, on the contrary to the literature, a mobile MC model is proposed in a diffusion environment by using 5 bits because it is known that besides the molecules, which transport information between the transmitter and receiver, the transmitter and receiver parts of the biological cells are mobile in the blood or any other fluid media. In this study, both the transmitter and the receiver can be chosen as mobile and/or fixed for some specific duties, such as drug delivery systems. Their mobility values can also be regulated separately for the proposed mobile MC model. The proposed model is analyzed for the different situations of the transmitter and receiver (fixed and/or mobile) by considering the fraction of the received molecules. Finally, the number of bits, the time step, and the bit duration are analyzed to find the best MC model. It is concluded that when the receiver and the transmitter are mobile, the distance between them changes, and finally, this affects the probability of the received molecules at the receiver.
Molecular Communication
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Molecular communications are the bio-communication system inspired by nature to convey information in nanoscale networks. The transmitter and receiver can be manufactured from biological materials, hybrid materials, or entirely artificial materials to perform simple tasks such as sensing and counting. The channel impulse response of the diffusion-based propagation channel has a long tail as a result of delayed residual molecules that hit the receiver. Those molecules generate intersymbol interference (ISI) between symbols which harshly-distorted the received signals and complicate detection process. Furthermore, molecular communications always have low throughput measurements due to the presence of ISI. In this paper, we proposed a channel equalization technique that uses only three taps FIR zero-forcing approach to mitigate the ISI. The performance of our equalizer shows remarkable BER and throughput improvement compared to no equalization.
Molecular Communication
Finite impulse response
Impulse response
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Molecular communications employs messenger mo-lecules to establish communication between small scale transmit-ter and receivers in a liquid environment. Messenger molecules released by the transmitter propagate through the medium via diffusion and some of them arrive at the receiver. The receiver counts the messenger molecules that have reached its surface and tries to estimate the transmitted information. Recently, in order to increase the channel communication capacity, multiple-input multiple-output molecular communication systems have been proposed in the literature. One recent example is the molecular index modulation systems, where the information is carried on the index of the active transmitter. Alignment of the transmitter and receiver planes is a crucial problem for molecular index modulation systems. Although there are analytical models for the single-input single-output communication systems, there is no such result for multiple-input multiple-output communication systems, which makes it impossible to study the misalignment problem analytically. In this work, a machine learning-based method is introduced to estimate the amount of misalignment with high accuracy.
Molecular Communication
Modulation (music)
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Communication between a transmitter and a receiver using electromagnetic waves does not scale to nano-sizes. To enable communication between nano-sized devices separated by a short distance, molecular communication has recently been proposed as a feasible scheme. The transmitter disperses molecules into the medium, which propagate to, and are sensed by, the receiver. In this paper, we wish to mathematically model such a system and subsequently characterize the information theoretic capacity of this channel. We present basic results on characterizing the mutual information between the transmitter and the receiver when information is encoded in the time of release of the molecule. To do so, we model the propagation of the molecule in this medium as Brownian motion, and derive the probability density function of the arrival time of the molecule at the receiver.
Molecular Communication
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This paper develops mathematical models for molecule harvesting transmitters in diffusive molecular communication (MC) systems.In particular, we consider a communication link consisting of a spherical transmitter nano-machine and a spherical receiver nano-machine suspended in a fluid environment.The transmitter and the receiver exchange information via signaling molecules.The transmitter is equipped with molecule harvesting units on its surface.Signaling molecules which come into contact with the harvesting units may be re-captured by the transmitter.For this system, we derive closed-form expressions for the channel impulse response and harvesting impulse response.Furthermore, we extend the harvesting transmitter model to the case of continuous signaling molecule release.In particular, we derive closed-form expressions for the average received signal at the receiver and the average harvested signal at the transmitter for different temporal release rates namely, constant, linearly increasing, and linearly decreasing release rates.Finally, we validate the accuracy of the derived mathematical expressions via particle-based simulations.
Molecular Communication
Impulse response
SIGNAL (programming language)
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In molecular communication, messages are conveyed from a transmitter to a receiver by releasing a pattern of molecules at the transmitter, and allowing those molecules to propagate through a fluid medium towards a receiver. In this paper, achievable information rates are estimated for a molecular co
Molecular Communication
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Molecular communication is an emerging paradigm for systems that rely on the release of molecules as information carriers. Communication via molecular diffusion is a popular strategy that is ubiquitous in nature and very fast over distances on the order of a micron or less. Existing closed-form analysis of the diffusion channel impulse response generally assumes that the transmitter is a point source. In this paper, channel impulse responses are derived for spherical transmitters with either a passive or absorbing receiver. The derived channel impulse responses are in closed-form for a one-dimensional environment and can be found via numerical integration for a three-dimensional environment. The point transmitter assumption (PTA) is formally defined so that its accuracy can be measured in comparison to the derived spherical transmitter impulse responses. The spherical transmitter model is much more accurate than the PTA when the distance between a transmitter and its receiver is small relative to the size of the transmitter. The derived results are verified via microscopic particle-based simulations using the molecular communication simulation platform AcCoRD (Actor-based Communication via Reaction-Diffusion). A spherical transmitter variation where molecules are released from the surface of a solid sphere is also considered via simulation.
Molecular Communication
Impulse response
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Molecular communication has been an important topic of nanotechnology. The combination of multi-nanomachines to form nano-networks is one of the main methods for practical applications. This paper proposes a transmitter positioning method for Molecular Communication via Diffusion systems with a single transmitter and multiple spherical absorption receivers. Receivers count the number of received molecules and use the Levenberg-Marquardt method to estimate the distance of the transmitter to each receiver, and then obtain the transmitter position by using a multi-point positioning method. Monte Carlo simulations are carried out to evaluate the performance of the proposed method. The simulation results show that the proposed method can accurately estimate the position of the transmitter in short to medium communication ranges.
Molecular Communication
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Molecular communication (MC) aims to develop a promising bio-inspired communication paradigm for nanotechnology, in which molecules are used to encode, transmit, and receive information. One of the main challenges in MC is the intersymbol interference (ISI) caused by the nature of the diffusion channel. The most popular solution to reduce the effects of ISI in MC is to keep the symbol duration as long as possible and reduce the number of molecules that can be received in subsequent symbol durations. On the other hand, a long symbol duration leads to a very low data rate, even for very short distances. Furthermore, due to the size of the nano-scale machines, production of energy becomes an essential problem. In this paper, an ISI mitigation technique for diffusion-based molecular communication channels, titled Molecular Transition Shift Keying (MTSK) is proposed in order to increase the data rate via suppressing the negative impact of the ISI on communication quality. MTSK employs multiple molecule types and the energy efficient extended version of MTSK with power adjustment (MTSK-PA) makes use of the residual molecules in the channel to reduce the ISI that would otherwise contribute to the ISI. It is shown via computer simulations that both MTSK and MTSK-PA outperforms the standard modulation techniques proposed in the literature.
Molecular Communication
Nyquist ISI criterion
Modulation (music)
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Molecular communications emerges as a promising scheme for communication between nanoscale devices. In diffusion-based molecular communications, molecules as information symbols are released by transmitters and diffuse in the fluid or air environments to transmit messages. Under the diffusion channel modeled by Brownian motion, information sequences suffer from molecule crossovers, i.e., molecules released at an earlier time may arrive later, causing intersymbol interference (ISI). In this paper, we investigate practical channel codes for combating ISI. An ISI-free coding scheme is proposed to increase the communication reliability while keeping the encoding/decoding complexity reasonably low. We exemplify an ISI-free code and theoretically approximate its bit error rate (BER) performance. In addition, repetition codes are revisited out of the complexity concern and proved to be desirable. The BER approximations of the repetition code family are given as well. Compared with convolutional codes, the proposed ISI-free code and repetition codes offer comparable performance with much lower complexity for diffusion-based molecular communication systems.
Molecular Communication
Repetition code
Convolutional code
Nyquist ISI criterion
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