Scanning tunneling spectroscopy of surfaces where surface states dominate
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A scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) study of the α-Sn/Ge(111) at low temperature is presented. The scanning tunneling spectroscopy (STS) measurements of the surface evidenced a metallic character from the room temperature down to the 3×3 transition temperature. The fluctuation model for the √3×√3 reconstruction is confirmed by dynamical measurements of the tunneling current on top the Sn adatoms. The STM tip was used as a probe to verify the presence of oscillating Sn adatoms by studying the tunneling current as a function of time.
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The vibrational spectrum of a tunneling junction on a clean Cu(111) surface has been characterized by vibrational density of states calculations and inelastic electron tunneling spectroscopy technique. We demonstrate that the achieved spectrum consists not only of vibrational modes excited by the tunneling electrons on the clean surface but also of modes characteristic of the structure of the tip apex. This allows to identify unequivocally the atomic structure of the tip, which is still the largest unknown parameter in a scanning tunneling microscope. This opens a new perspective in the interpretation of the measurements of vibrational modes with a scanning tunneling microscope. Additionally, it might have implications in the measurements of electron conductance through single atom or molecules contacted by the tip of scanning tunneling microscope.
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The scanning tunneling microscope (STM) has revolutionized our ability to explore and manipulate atomic-scale solid surfaces. In addition to its unparalleled spatial power, the STM can study dynamical processes, such as molecular conformational changes, by recording current traces as a function of time. It can also be employed to measure the physical properties of molecules or nanostructures down to the atomic scale. Combining STM imaging with measurement of current–voltage (I–V) characteristics [i.e., scanning tunneling spectroscopy (STS)] at similar resolution makes it possible to obtain a detailed map of the electronic structure of a surface. For many years, STM lacked chemical specificity; however, the recent development of STM–IETS (inelastic electron tunneling spectroscopy) has allowed us to measure the vibrational spectrum of a single molecule. This review introduces and illustrates these recent developments with a few simple scholarly examples.
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Here we describe a straightforward electrochemical method for fabricating sharp cobalt tips. Such tips are particularly useful for those scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) experiments where the focus is on magnetic properties of the surface and the spin polarized (SP) tunneling current is the relevant property, such as in SPSTM and SP scanning tunneling spectroscopy.
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This article reviews the manipulation of single molecules by scanning tunneling microscopes, in particular, vertical manipulation, lateral manipulation, and inelastic electron tunneling manipulation. For a better understanding of these processes, we shortly review imaging by scanning tunneling microscopy as a prerequisite to detect the manipulated species and verify the result of the manipulation and scanning tunneling spectroscopy and inelastic electron tunneling spectroscopy, which is used to chemically identify the molecules before and after the manipulation that employs the tunneling current.
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The design and performance of a variable-temperature scanning tunneling microscope (STM) is presented. The microscope operates from 8 to 350 K in ultrahigh vacuum. The thermally compensated STM is suspended by springs from the cold tip of a continuous flow cryostat and is completely surrounded by two radiation shields. The design allows for in situ dosing and irradiation of the sample as well as for the exchange of samples and STM tips. With the STM feedback loop off, the drift of the tip–sample spacing is approximately 0.001 Å/min at 8 K. It is demonstrated that the STM is well-suited for the study of atomic-scale chemistry over a wide temperature range, for atomic-scale manipulation, and for single-molecule inelastic electron tunneling spectroscopy (IETS).
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