Influence of Income Level and Age on Per Capita Household Solid Waste Generation in Putrajaya, Malaysia
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Municipal solid waste (MSW) has always been an unavoidable byproduct of human habitation and activities. It has continued to be a problem as we are forced to find ways to properly manage it. As the world now sees an exponential growth in population, so does it sees an alarming increase in the quantity of generated MSW. If managed and disposed of improperly, MSW is a major cause of adverse environmental conditions. Rapid development, urbanization, changes in consumption patterns and elevated levels of affluence in recent decades have only exacerbated the issue, especially in transitionary countries such as Malaysia. Hence, the impetus to handle these problems and to manage MSW in an efficient yet environmentally sound manner is reaching an apogee currently. Determining per capita MSW generation rate and understanding its influencing factors is one step towards efficient MSW management. The objectives of this study is to determine current per capita residential MSW arising rate and subsequently to discern if a relationship exists between MSW generation rate, affluence and age of the residents of nominated households. Three discrete housing neighborhoods in Putrajaya were selected as the areas under study. To capture varying socioeconomic levels, the selected study areas consists of bungalow, semidetached and terraced houses. Primary data was obtained by door-to-door weighing of MSW for 12 consequent days which makes up a sampling phase. This was conducted concurrently in all study areas, with a total of 3 sampling phases done over a 1 year period. A face-to-face survey was then performed on all households under study to obtain relevant socioeconomic data. From this study, it is determined that on average, the bungalow houses under study generated 0.47 kg/cap/day of MSW, semidetached housing area produces 0.31 kg/cap of MSW daily and terraced houses had an MSW output of 0.26 kg/cap/day. This shows that affluence has a positive affect on MSW discharge rate as households that earn a higher income tend to produce more waste. However, the link between age and MSW discharge rate is found to be inconclusive. From this study, concerted efforts to reduce MSW arising can be better focused on selected target groups and demographics, bringing us a step closer to formulating and implementing sustainable waste management practices.Keywords:
Per capita income
Household income
The relationship between energy consumption and economic growth is one of the research keys in today's society. Domestic energy is a necessity of people's daily life and is also the basic factor of economy development. Based on the date of income and energy consumption from 1985 to 2007 of Gansu,the degree of the gray correlation of the domestic energy consumption per capita with income、coal consumption per capita、electricity consumption per capita、oil consumption per capita with and biomass energy per capita with were computed. The results showed that the positive relationships were obvious. Comparatively speaking,the electricity consumption per capita has higher associated degree with the domestic energy consumption per capita. Some measures and suggestions were put forward to solve the problem of domestic energy consumption in Gansu.
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Per capita income
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Rising incomes, migration and changing food-retailing venues are creating dramatic changes in China’s food economy – especially in urban areas. During the past decade, there have been sharp rises in the consumption of, among other food items, horticultural commodities. For example, the demand for fruit by urban consumers rose from 40 kilograms per capita in 1997 to 60 kilograms per capita in 2004, while the consumption of high-valued vegetables rose from 113 kilograms per capita in 1997 to 123 kilograms per capita in 2004 (CNBS 2005).
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An examination of the statistical facts comparing the USA per capita income and per capita energy consumption with that of Denmark, Switzerland, Sweden, West Germany, and Canada whose per capita income is approximately equal to that in the USA (averaging 97% of USA), shows that on the average their per capita energy consumption is only about half (52%) of our own. In this paper, this assertion is concluded to be false, and that it is possible for the United States as has been demonstrated, by Canada, Switzerland, Sweden, West Germany, and Denmark, to maintain its standard of wealth while major reductions occur in its energy consumption. Much tabulated data are presented to prove the conclusion.
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Abstract This article explores the interactions between industrial development and environmental protection dimensions of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). In consideration of the suitability and data availability, this article uses the SDG indicators 9.2.1 (manufacturing value-added per capita) and 12.4.1 (E-waste per capita) as the two indicators to reflect industrial development and environmental protection under the SDGs framework. Based on a cross-country data source, this article examines the correlation between manufacturing value-added per capita and E-waste per capita in forty countries across four income levels as defined by the World Bank. The results show that the manufacturing value-added per capita and E-waste per capita increase with the countries’ income levels. In addition, the positive correlation between manufacturing value-added per capita and electronic waste (E-waste_ per capita) becomes weaker with the increase of the countries’ income levels, and for high-income countries the correlation turns negative. This provides evidence to partially support the Environmental Kuznets Curve, which demonstrates the ‘inverted-U shape’ relationship between economic development and environmental protection. It also generates a number of implications on the monitoring and management of SDG indicators. In consideration of the interactions between different SDGs (including targets and indicators), a holistic, multi-disciplinary, and cross-departmental management and monitoring of SDG indicators is recommended.
Per capita income
Kuznets Curve
Value (mathematics)
Added value
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This report presents annual data but is published every 2 years. The data present current and historical information on the production, trade, consumption, and prices of timber products in the United States. The report focuses on national statistics, but includes some data for individual states and regions and for Canada. The data were collected from industry trade associations and government agencies. They are intended for use by forest land managers, forest industries, trade associations, forestry schools, renewable resource organizations, individuals in the major timber producing and consuming countries of the world, and the general public. A major use of the data is tracking industry production and consumption trends over time. One of the major shifts that occurred in the wood-using industry over the past 5 years is that both production and consumption of roundwood per capita decreased. The consumption of products per capita has also undergone a gradual decrease over the past 5 years. Because of increased paper recycling and increased processing efficiency, the consumption per capita in roundwood equivalent has decreased since about 1987 from 83 ft3 to 72 ft3 per capita. But over the most recent time period, the decline in production per capita is due to the U.S. economic weakness that severely impacted wood markets. In the 1960s and 1970s, consumption averaged 65 ft3 per capita before increasing and peaking in 1986 to 83 ft3 per capita. Since 2005, consumption per capita has continued to steadily decrease and reached 41 ft3 in 2009 remaining unchanged in 2010. Per capita consumption in 2011 increased to 47 ft3 the first increase since 2005. Since 2005, paper consumption fell from 41 thousand tons to 34 thousand tons in 2011. Since 2005, newsprint declined from 5.4 million tons to 3.3 million tons and printing and writing paper fell from 24.5 million tons to 19.3 million tons. Another shift occurring over the past several years is increased emphasis on wood energy use, which has shown wide fluctuations over the last decade and into 2011.
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This report presents annual data but is published every 2 years. The data present current and historical information on the production, trade, consumption, and prices of timber products in the United States. The report focuses on national statistics, but includes some data for individual States and regions and for Canada. The data were collected from industry trade associations and government agencies. They are intended for use by forest land managers, forest industries, trade associations, forestry schools, renewable resource organizations, individuals in the major timber producing and consuming countries of the world, and the general public. A major use of the data is tracking industry production and consumption trends over time. One of the major shifts occurring in the wood using industry over the last 2 years is that both production and consumption of roundwood per capita have been increasing. The consumption of products per capita also increased over the last 2 years. Because of increased paper recycling and increased processing efficiency, the consumption per capita in roundwood equivalent has decreased since about 1987 from 83 ft3 to 72 ft3 per capita. In the 1960s and 1970s, consumption averaged 65 ft3 per capita. Per capita consumption in 2004 increased to 71 ft3 per capita before increasing further in 2005 to 72 ft3 per capita. Another shift occurring during 2005 is increased emphasis on wood energy use, which has shown wide fluctuations over the last decade into 2005.
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Forecasts of the per capita consumption of main agricultural products until 1985 are based a) on income elasticities and b) on an assumed growth of real income by 40 per cent in 10 years. In some cases such as meat, butter and margarine the development of the consumption will depend largely on the future price policy and therefore the forecasts can be considered as alternatives which seem possible but which may also turn out to be wrong. Comsumption forecasts for wheat and rye are based on an income elasticity of —0.3. So the consumption of wheat will fall from46.2 kg per capita in 1975 to 40 kg in 1985 and the consumption of rye from 22.0 to 20kg per capita, respectively. Consumption of fluid milk is assumed to fall 10 per cent in 10 years and would be 206 kg per capita in 1985. The consumption of butter will depend on the price policy of butter in relation to margarine. If the ratio of the retail prices of these products remains as constant as it has been for some years, the consumption of butter is likely to be about 10 kg per capita in 1985. The cheese consumption is expected to increase annually by 4 per cent up to 8.5 kg per capita in 1985.The consumption of other dairy products will stay at the present level. The consumption of eggs will, on the other band, increase 20 per cent during the next 10 years. Beef and pork are close substitutes the consumption of which depends largely on the price policy. Since the supply of beef may not increase due to the declining number of dairy cows it is assumed that the retail price of beef will rise faster than that of pork and therefore the demand pressure on meat will shift to pork, the consumption of which expected to increase by 1kg per capita per year so that it will be 35 kg in 1985. The diet of 1985 is checked by calculating its energy, fat and protein content. The results seem to be rather acceptable.
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The Environmental Kuznets Curve is used to investigate the relationship between various indicators of environmental degradation and income per capita. The economic growth measured from the change of income per capita contributes negative externalities to nature, and education contributes to better knowledge for sustainable development. The purpose of this research was to apply the Environmental Kuznets Curve to see the impact of income per capita and education on environmental degradation. The objective of this research was to examine how GDP per capita and education contribute to per capita CO2emission in Canada, Spain, and Indonesia. The research output showed a relationship between per capita GDP with per capita CO2emission in Canada and Spain. Contribution of per capita GDP to per capita CO2emission of Canada higher than Spain. The higher per capita GDP will rise per capita CO2emission. The per capita GDP of Indonesia does did contribute significantly to per capita CO2emission. The was also a significant relationship between education quality and per capita CO2emission in Canada, Spain, and Indonesia. The better education quality in Canada and Spain contribute to lower per capita CO2 emissions. Education quality in Indonesia contributed to the higher per capita CO2emission.
Keywords:Environmental Kuznets Curve, Per Capita CO2 Emission, Per Capita GDP, Education
Kuznets Curve
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Environmental Quality
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Rising incomes, migration and changing food-retailing venues are creating dramatic changes in China’s food economy – especially in urban areas. During the past decade, there have been sharp rises in the consumption of, among other food items, horticultural commodities. For example, the demand for fruit by urban consumers rose from 40 kilograms per capita in 1997 to 60 kilograms per capita in 2004, while the consumption of high-valued vegetables rose from 113 kilograms per capita in 1997 to 123 kilograms per capita in 2004 (CNBS 2005).
Consumption
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