Plasma Epstein-Barr viral load measurement as a diagnostic marker of lymphoma in HIV-infected patients
José‐Tomás NavarroÁgueda HernándezJesús Rodríguez-ManzanoJosé Luís MateJavier GrauMireia MorgadesElisa MartróCristina TuralJosep‐María RiberaLurdes Matas
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Association between Epstein-Barr virus and malignant lymphomas such as Burkitt's lymphoma, Hodgkin's disease(HD), nasal T/NK cell lymphoma(NTL), immunodefficiency-associated lymphoma, and pyothorax associated lymphoma (PAL) has been suggested. Among these, HD, SNL, PAL are relatively common in Japan. For HD, EBV association was found in the disease peak incidences; those are peak in older adults in Japan, older peak of the bimodal peaks in Western countries, and unimodal peak in the childhood in the developing countries. For NTL, EBV was associated with almost all cases with CD56+ phenotype and cases with polymorphic reticulosis morphology with CD56- phenotype. For PAL, most cases are EBV-associated, about 40% of these show Type B subtype, the ratio of type A EBV to type B EBV in PAL was similar to those in immunodeficiency-associated lymphomas.
Malignant lymphoma
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SUMMARY The xenotropic (X-tropic) mouse type C virus (MuLV) and its pseudotype of murine sarcoma virus (MSV) were inoculated into several fertilized developing Pekin duck eggs. The development of the duck embryos was substantially reduced in those receiving the X-tropic viruses compared to eggs inoculated only with tissue culture medium. Infectious virus was isolated from some of the adult animals; in others, evidence for integrated virus sequences in the tissues was noted. No specific pathology was found in the ducks that received X-tropic MuLV alone, but one duck developed multiple fibrosarcomas when inoculated at birth with the X-tropic virus pseudotype of MSV. Two ducks receiving X-tropic MuLV had signs of haematopoietic disorders. In addition, more virus-inoculated animals had evidence of hepatitis and encephalitis than control ducks. Antibody production to X-tropic MuLV was present in several ducks inoculated with virus either in embryo or at birth. Absence of antiviral antibodies was noted in those animals whose tissues contained replicating virus. These studies confirm the observations with X-tropic virus in tissue culture. They demonstrate in vivo that avian species are susceptible to infection by the mouse X-tropic virus and that their fibroblasts can be transformed by the X-tropic MuLV pseudotype of MSV.
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Newcastle Disease
Pestivirus
Heterologous
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Epstein–Barr virus infection
Gammaherpesvirinae
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Abstract By means of a PCR assay, EBV was demonstrated directly in peripheral blood of previously infected individuals. The virus was detected in approximately 80% of specimens from EBV‐seropositive individuals, but not in cord‐blood lymphocytes by this method. When virus present in peripheral blood was compared to that observed directly in NPC biopsies or throat washings, it was distinct from that seen in biopsies in 4/15 cases (17%) and from that seen in throat washes in 1/22 cases (5%). The throat‐wash virus differed from the biopsy virus in 3/20 cases (15%). The prototype F virus was found in 7/10 LCLs (70%) established from NPC patients' peripheral blood, but was only detected in 2/9 specimens (22%) directly analyzed by the PCR assay. This finding suggests selective isolation of prototype F EBV in spontaneous LCLs established from NPC patients. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Throat
Lymphoblast
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SummarySpider monkeys and chimpanzees were given a series of three injections consisting of 17D yellow fever virus, followed by living West Nile virus, followed by a third injection which consisted of formalin-inactivated Russian spring-summer virus vaccine. On the basis of neutralizing antibody responses, the limitation of viremia, or both, developing when the animals were challenged with virulent viruses, these primates were judged to be protected to a considerable extent against Japanese B encephalitis, West Nile virus, St. Louis encephalitis, Murray Valley encephalitis virus, dengue types 1, 2, 3, and 4, two antigenic types of the Russian spring-summer virus complex, and Wesselsbron virus.An isolate of West Nile virus was passed a number of times in chick embryo tissue cultures and purified by the plaque technique. The progeny of two virus plaques, in a concentration of 106 mouse intracerebral lethal doses, did not produce encephalitis in intracerebrally inoculated rhesus monkeys. These attenuated viral preparations, on the basis of intracerebral titrations in mice, had at least 1,000 times the virus concentration that was necessary to produce encephalitis with the parent type. One of these attenuated isolates still produced homologous and heterologous neutralizing antibodies comparable to those of the parent strain. The data indicate that this attenuated West Nile virus did not revert to a more virulent form after alternate intracerebral passages in rhesus monkeys and suckling mice.The TP-21 strain of the Russian spring-summer virus complex was passed a number of times in chick embryo tissue cultures and purified by the plaque technique. The progeny from one of the virus plaques, in a concentration of approximately 300,000 mouse i.c. LD50, did not produce encephalitis when inoculated intracerebrally into rhesus monkeys. When this purified virus isolate of TP-21 was substituted for the formalin-inactivated Russian spring-summer vaccine in the triple vaccination procedure, considerable protection was noted in spider monkeys challenged with four members of the Russian spring-summer group of viruses.
Viremia
Flavivirus
Attenuated vaccine
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Abstract T’Ho virus is a poorly characterized orthoflavivirus most closely related to Rocio virus and Ilheus virus, two orthoflaviviruses associated with human disease, suggesting that T’Ho virus could also be a human pathogen. The genome of T’Ho virus has been sequenced but an isolate has never been recovered, impeding its phenotypic characterization. In an attempt to generate recombinant T’Ho virus, the entire viral genome was synthesized as three overlapping DNA fragments, joined by Gibson assembly, and transfected into mosquito cells. Several cell culture passages were performed, but virus was not recovered. Subsequent experiments focused on the development of a chimeric orthoflavivirus that contains the premembrane and envelope protein genes of T’Ho virus in the genetic background of Zika virus. The chimeric virus replicated in mosquito (C6/36) and vertebrate (Vero) cells, demonstrating that the major structural glycoproteins of T’Ho virus permit entry into both cell types. The chimeric virus produced plaques in Vero cells that were significantly smaller than those produced by Zika virus. The chimeric virus can potentially be used as a surrogate diagnostic reagent in place of T’Ho virus in plaque reduction neutralization tests, allowing T’Ho virus to be considered in the differential diagnosis.
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Zika Virus
Flavivirus
Recombinant virus
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Primary cultures of epithelial cells were grown from the tonsils and adenoids of patients with diseases not related to Epstein-Barr virus. The cells could not be infected by Epstein-Barr virus. Fluorescein-labeled Epstein-Barr virus and a cytofluorograph were then used to show that the epithelial cells do not have detectable receptors for the virus. However, implantation with Epstein-Barr virus receptors gave the cells the ability to bind the labeled virus. One to 5 percent of receptor-implanted cells exposed to the transforming B95-8 substrain of the virus expressed Epstein-Barr nuclear antigen. The early and viral capsid Epstein-Barr virus-determined antigens were not detected in the virus-infected cultures. The results show that normal human epithelial cells from the nasopharynx become susceptible to infection by Epstein-Barr virus when the membrane barrier resulting from the lack of viral receptors is overcome by receptor implantation.
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