Pica: A species relevant behavioral assay of motion sickness in the rat
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ABSTRACT Three groups of 15 male undergraduate subjects experienced three different habituation conditions: Extended Habituation (20 “below‐zero” trials), Habituation (no “below‐zero” trials), and Spontaneous Recovery Control (no “below‐zero” trials; additional spontaneous recovery time equal to that taken to present 20 “below‐zero” trials). The extended Habituation group showed no signs of strengthened habituation, as spontaneous recovery and trials to rehabituation were not less than in the Habituation group. In fact, the Extended Habituation condition mitigated the effects of habituation, since there was greater spontaneous recovery and more trials to rehabituation relative to the Habituation condition. These paradoxical findings were due primarily to sensitization effects attributable to the “below‐zero” stimuli. Further, it was found that increased spontaneous recovery time also facilitated spontaneous recovery and inhibited rehabituation. The data were seen as providing a link between “below‐zero” habituation and “overhabituation,” and also as providing support for the “dual process” theory of habituation.
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A major inhibitor of the effectiveness of security warnings is habituation: decreased response to a repeated warning. Although habituation develops over time, previous studies have examined habituation and possible solutions to its effects only within a single experimental session, providing an incomplete view of the problem. To address this gap, we conducted a longitudinal experiment that examines how habituation develops over the course of a five-day workweek and how polymorphic warnings decrease habituation. We measured habituation using two complementary methods simultaneously: functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and eye tracking.
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Artificial gravity through centrifugation is currently the only countermeasure providing the Earth-like solution to weightless health hazards. Motion sickens occurs when individuals are exposed to passive motion inducing a mismatch between actual and expected sensory inputs. Habituation protocols abate conflicts by reducing response to rotation with prolonged exposure to mismatch. Our aim is to develop a novel habituation strategy to disentangle gravity and rotation perception, reducing motion sickness but retaining response to rotation. Habituation to motion sickness using different habituation stimulus with different protocols has been done successfully.
Subjects habituate even if illusory rotation induced by head tilts is sustained by visually induced rotation sensation. Visually reinforced habituation may induce less reduction of oculomotor response to rotation.
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Rats eat kaolin after treatment with poisons or rotation. Thus, eating of nonnutritive substances such as kaolin, so-called pica, is an illness-response behavior of rats analogous to vomiting in humans. For use of rotation-induced pica as a behavioral index of motion sickness in rats we examined what kind of rotation was effective for inducing pica in rats and whether the vestibular apparatus was necessary for its induction. Rats ate much kaolin after double rotation with continuously changing centrifugal and angular accelerations, but little after single rotation with no accelerative changes. However, even double rotation failed to induce pica in bilaterally labyrinthectomized rats. Thus, rotation-induced pica in rats was induced in the same way as motion sickness in humans, suggesting that it resulted from motion sickness in rats. We conclude that pica can be used as a behavioral index of motion sickness in rats.
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