Stimulus and Temporal Variables in the “Below‐Zero” Habituation of the Orienting Response
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ABSTRACT Three groups of 15 male undergraduate subjects experienced three different habituation conditions: Extended Habituation (20 “below‐zero” trials), Habituation (no “below‐zero” trials), and Spontaneous Recovery Control (no “below‐zero” trials; additional spontaneous recovery time equal to that taken to present 20 “below‐zero” trials). The extended Habituation group showed no signs of strengthened habituation, as spontaneous recovery and trials to rehabituation were not less than in the Habituation group. In fact, the Extended Habituation condition mitigated the effects of habituation, since there was greater spontaneous recovery and more trials to rehabituation relative to the Habituation condition. These paradoxical findings were due primarily to sensitization effects attributable to the “below‐zero” stimuli. Further, it was found that increased spontaneous recovery time also facilitated spontaneous recovery and inhibited rehabituation. The data were seen as providing a link between “below‐zero” habituation and “overhabituation,” and also as providing support for the “dual process” theory of habituation.Keywords:
Spontaneous recovery
Stimulus (psychology)
Orienting response
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ABSTRACT This investigation was designed to test (a) whether stimuli presented in the form of repeated blocks of habituation trials, as opposed to.1 single continuous series of stimuli, would produce a progressive decline. in amount of spontaneous recovery and trials to rehabituation of the skin conductance component of the orienting response; and (b) whether 30 or 50 post‐habituation trials would produce a return of the orienting response which could be related In sensitization effects. Results showed that repeated habituations strengthened habituation as reflected in progressively decreasing spontaneous recovery across blocks, but not in speed of habituations. Further, neither 30 nor 50 post‐habituation trials produced a return of the orienting response, although 30 such trials did result in increased skin conductance level. Discussion centers on whether habituation beyond asymptotic levels (‘below‐zero’) within sessions was unambiguously obtained; relationships among stimulus intensity, frequency, and the return of the orienting response; and factors affecting measures of retention of habituation within sessions.
Orienting response
Skin conductance
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ABSTRACT Twenty male undergraduate S s underwent habituation of the skin conductance component of the orienting response to a neutral tone, spontaneous recovery, rehabituation, and dishabituation (habituation, H condition). Another 20 S s underwent the same procedure, except they received an additional 10 stimulus presentations immediately after initial habituation (extended habituation, EH condition). The EH condition resulted in more (not significant) spontaneous recovery and trials to rehabituation than did the H condition, indicating that such a “below‐zero” habituation procedure did not strengthen habituation. There were significant differences between the groups in response to a post‐rehabituation buzzer (dishabituating stimulus), and in response to the subsequent re‐presentation of the original tone stimulus (dishabituation), the EH group giving larger responses than the H group. These latter results were seen as consonant with both the Sokolov (1963) and Groves and Thompson (1970) approaches to habituation, and were discussed in that context.
Orienting response
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Skin conductance
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Abstract Previous research has indicated that an intermodality change trial presented after a habituation series elicits larger orienting responses than does the first stimulus of that series. Experiment 1 ( N = 48) investigated whether this effect was still present if the change stimulus was not novel but was presented once prior to the habituation series. Two groups of subjects were presented with a series of 24 tones or vibrotactile stimuli. Trial 25 was an intermodality change test trial for half of the subjects in each group (change), whereas the remaining subjects received an additional habituation stimulus (no change). Prior to the habituation trials, each subject was exposed once to the test stimulus used in the change condition. Although response magnitude on the test trial was larger in the change condition than in the no‐change condition, test trial response magnitude did not exceed that on the first trial of the habituation series. In Experiment 2 ( N = 84), one group was preexposed to the test stimulus, another was preexposed to an experimentally irrelevant stimulus, and a third received no stimulus prior to habituation training. Test trial response magnitude was larger than responses to the first stimulus of habituation in the change group that was not exposed to a stimulus prior to habituation but not in the preexposed groups. Preexposure to a stimulus prior to habituation training abolished the intermodality change effect even when the test stimulus was novel. The present results pose problems for noncomparator theories of habituation and support the notion that anticipatory processes are important in orienting and habituation.
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ABSTRACT Two experiments using 12 male subjects were conducted to study the effects of stimulus information on the amplitude and habituation of the electrodermal orienting response (OR). Visual stimuli which could be varied along information, contour, and symmetry dimensions were presented. In the first experiment, 2 series of 10 different stimuli each were presented; 1 series was characterized by high information and high contour, the other by low information and low contour. No difference in OR habituation between the 2 series was found. In the second experiment, the 2 series of stimuli were again presented with 3 test stimuli inserted at Trials 3, 6 and 9. Test stimuli differed from habituation stimuli by symmetry or information and/or contour. Changes in stimulus information or contour, but not symmetry, resulted in OR recovery. OR recovery did not result in dishabituation of the following stimuli. Results are interpreted as favoring an information processing model of OR habituation. Findings suggest that laws governing habituation processes under conditions of identical stimulus presentations may differ from those operating when stimuli are variable.
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ABSTRACT The effect of level of arousal upon rate of habituation of the electrodermal orienting reflex (OR) was studied by having 20 tone stimuli presented while subjects were either standing or seated. The standing condition was characterized by both a higher heart rate (HR) and a greater frequency of spontaneous skin resistance responses (SRRs). Compared to standing subjects, subjects under the seated condition demonstrated more rapid habituation of the OR as indicated both by a greater decrement in SRR frequency from the first to the last block of trials and by a greater proportion of subjects who failed to respond to any of the last 10 trials. The rate of spontaneous SRRs appeared to parallel these differences in habituation of evoked responses. There were no differences between groups in skin conductance level (SCL), or in either amplitude or frequency of the evoked electrodermal response over the first few stimulus presentations. The results were interpreted as supporting the conclusion that heightened arousal level retards habituation of the OR.
Orienting response
Skin conductance
Stimulus (psychology)
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Abstract Our aim was to study age‐related differences in the habituation of orienting reaction by using novel visual stimuli. We intended to fill a gap in habituation research by recording both autonomic and ERP components of orienting to visual stimuli in the same sample and in highly related paradigms. We report data showing that in young subjects repetition of visual novels yielded fast habituation of both skin conductance responses and ERP components (P3 novel , N2b) whereas elderly people displayed no sign of habituation. However, cardiac deceleration—thought conventionally to be part of the orienting reaction—did not habituate in either group. Overall, most of our results harmonize with those obtained by using auditory stimuli; therefore we conclude that there is no significant modality specificity in age‐related deterioration of habituation processes.
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