A Novel Habituation Strategy to Motion Sickness During Centrifugation
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Artificial gravity through centrifugation is currently the only countermeasure providing the Earth-like solution to weightless health hazards. Motion sickens occurs when individuals are exposed to passive motion inducing a mismatch between actual and expected sensory inputs. Habituation protocols abate conflicts by reducing response to rotation with prolonged exposure to mismatch. Our aim is to develop a novel habituation strategy to disentangle gravity and rotation perception, reducing motion sickness but retaining response to rotation. Habituation to motion sickness using different habituation stimulus with different protocols has been done successfully.
Subjects habituate even if illusory rotation induced by head tilts is sustained by visually induced rotation sensation. Visually reinforced habituation may induce less reduction of oculomotor response to rotation.Keywords:
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With the increasing adoption of mixed reality technology, it is crucial to identify and avoid displays that cause noxious effects among users, such as loss of balance or motion sickness. Towards this end, we examined the effects of sinusoidal modulations of viewpoint on standing posture. These modulations varied the position of the user's viewpoint in a virtual environment (VE) over time along either the left-right or the forwards-backwards direction; each had a chosen amplitude and temporal frequency. We measured the resulting change in posture at the frequency of visual stimulation, the socalled steady-state visually evoked posture response (SSVEPR), and used a signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) method to assess SSVEPR strength. These posture responses are described well by sigmoid functions of viewpoint modulation amplitude, allowing one to estimate the lowest amplitude of the visual stimulus that generates a just-detectable posture response. Results suggest that the visuo-postural control system's sensitivity to viewpoint modulation increases with the frequency of the stimulus. Results also suggest that there is a speed threshold for viewpoint movement that must be met or exceeded if a posture response is to be produced. The results are similar for both left-right and forwards-backwards modulations, and for conditions in which users either moved through the VE or were stationary in the VE while viewpoint was modulated. These results shed light on which features of visual self-motion stimuli drive postural responses.
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It has been repeatedly reported that visual stimuli containing ajittering/oscillating motion component can induce self-motion perception more strongly than a pure radial expansion pattern. A psychophysical experiment with 11 observers revealed that the additional accelerating components of the visual motion have to be convoluted with the motion of the main-axis to facilitate self-motion perception; additional motion presented in an isolated fashion impairs the perception of self-motion. These results are inconsistent with a simple hypothesis about the perceptual mechanism underlying the advantage of jitter/oscillation, which assumes that the accelerating component induces an additional self-motion independently of the main motion at the first stage, and then the two self-motions induced by the main motion and the additional component become integrated.
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The influence of retinal and extra-retinal motion cues on perceived object motion during self-motion
Eye, head, and body movement are intimately linked. During self-motion, the eyes track objects by a combination of vestibular reflexes and smooth pursuit eye movements but although the world appears stable during saccadic gaze changes, it does not appear stable during physical self-motion. We determined the amount by which a fixated object needed to be moved in space in order to appear earth stationary to a linearly moving observer. Observers were oscillated sinusoidally either passively or under their own control, under lit and fully darkened conditions. The visual targets always needed to move (in space) in the same direction as the observer to be judged as earth stationary. Targets needed to be moved more in order to be judged as earth stationary when movement was in the dark, rather than in the light, and also when movement was passive rather than when it was active. Efference copy motor signals, visual movement, and non-visual cues all contribute significantly and approximately additively to the estimate of self-motion. Errors in perceived self-motion can produce subsequent illusory visual motion.
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Induced motion is the illusory motion of a static stimulus in the opposite direction to a moving stimulus. Two types of induced motion have been distinguished: (a) when the moving stimulus is distant from the static stimulus and undergoes overall displacement, and (b) when the moving stimulus is pattern viewed within fixed boundaries that abut the static stimulus. Explanations of the 1st type of induced motion refer to mediating phenomena, such as vection, whereas the 2nd type is attributed to local processing by motion-sensitive neurons. The present research was directed to a display that elicited induced rotational motion with the characteristics of both types of induced motion: the moving stimulus lay within fixed boundaries, but the inducing and induced stimuli were distant from each other. The author investigated the properties that distinguished the two types of induced motion. In 3 experiments, induced motion persisted indefinitely, interocular transfer of the aftereffect of induced motion was limited to about 20%, and the time-course of the aftereffect of induced motion could not be attributed to vection. Those results were consistent with fixed-boundary induced motion. However, they could not be explained by local processing. Instead, the results might reflect the detection of object motion within a complex flow-field that resulted from the observer's motion.
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If the surrounding of a visual target unexpectedly starts to move during a fast goal-directed hand movement, the hand reflexively moves along with it. This is known as the 'manual following response'. One explanation for this response is that it is a compensation for inferred self-motion in space. Previous studies have shown that background motion gives rise to both postural responses and deviations in goal-directed hand movements. To evaluate whether compensation for inferred self-motion is responsible for the manual responses we examined whether galvanic stimulation of the vestibular system would give rise to similar deviations in hand movements. Standing participants tried to quickly tap on targets that were presented on a horizontal screen. Participants could infer self-motion on some of the trials, either from galvanic vestibular stimulation or from background motion. Both perturbations took place during the hand movement. It took both the head and hand about 45 ms longer to respond to background motion than to respond to galvanic stimulation. The head responded in a similar manner to both types of perturbations. The hand responded about as expected to galvanic stimulation, but much more vigorously to background motion. Thus, the manual response to background motion is probably not a direct consequence of trying to compensate for inferred self-motion. Perhaps the manual following response is a consequence of an error in binding motion information to objects.
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Abstract Prolonged exposure to motion in one direction often leads to the illusion of motion in the opposite direction for stationary objects. This motion aftereffect likely arises across several visual areas from adaptive changes in the balance of activity and competitive interactions. We examined whether or not the mouse was susceptible to this same illusion to determine whether it would be a suitable model for learning about the neural representation of the motion aftereffect. Under a classical conditioning paradigm, mice learned to lick when presented with motion in one direction and not the opposite direction. When the mice were adapted to motion preceding this test, their lick behavior for zero coherence motion was biased for motion in the opposite direction of the adapting stimulus. Overall, lick count versus motion coherence shifted in the opposite direction of the adapting stimulus. This suggests that although the mouse has a simpler visual system compared with primates, it still is subject to the motion aftereffect and may elucidate the underlying circuitry.
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