Genetic screens in Caenorhabditis elegans models for neurodegenerative diseases
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During the last two decades , the number of scientists using Caenorhabditis elegans ( C. elegans ) as the model organism , instead of experimental animals such as rat and mice, has increased. The fields of study included gene function, embryonic development and differentiation, embryonic morphogenesis, nervous system, meiotic cell division and genes involve in programmed cell death. Moreover, C. elegans has been drastically used as model organism after the revelation of mechanism of RNA interference and the discovery of green fluorescence protein (GFP) tagged technique to trace the localization of gene expression. This article reviewed the biological data of C. elegans, as well as provided some examples of research and reasons why scientists have been using C. elegans as model organism to study the above issues.
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Abstract Since its introduction as a laboratory organism 50 years ago, the nematode worm Caenorhabditis elegans has become one of the most widely used and versatile models for nearly all aspects of biological and genomic research. Many experiments in C. elegans begin with the generation and analysis of mutants that affect a specific biological process, so genetic techniques are the foundation of worm research. Many different aspects of biology are being studied in C. elegans , and three different recent Nobel Prizes have recognized six researchers working with worms. In addition, C. elegans was the first multicellular organism to have its genome sequenced, so many of the standard genomic methods have also been pioneered in C. elegans . In fact, many novel techniques and ideas are initially tested in C. elegans because of its versatility as a research organism. It is also appropriate for introducing undergraduate students to research, and some of its strengths and challenges for this purpose are discussed. © 2019 The Authors.
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Abstract Zebrafish is becoming a more and more popular model organism to study human genetic disease. Recent advances in genome editing, including but not limited to the CRISPR/cas technology, have made zebrafish model one of the fastest, cheapest and easiest model to generate mutations similar to the ones identified in human genetic disorders. Based on its size, zebrafish mutant embryos are also a perfect model to be used in chemical preclinical screens to identify novel molecules that are able to compensate for the partial or total inactivation of a gene. Progress in human genome sequencing has recently identified several novel alleles linked to genetic disorders that can now be tested for the identification of novel therapeutics in a zebrafish mutant modelled to phenocopy the human mutation. Key Concepts Zebrafish is a remarkable model to study human genetic diseases The zebrafish genetic tool box has a novel reliable tool: the CRISPR/cas9 technology for reverse genetics Zebrafish as a model for drug discovery Development of zebrafish as a now tool for cure in personalised/precision medicine
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In Darwin’s and Mendel’s times, researchers investigated a wealth of organisms, chosen to solve particular problems for which they seemed especially well suited. Later, a focus on a few organisms, which are accessible to systematic genetic investigations, resulted in larger repertoires of methods and applications in these few species. Genetic animal model organisms with large research communities are the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans , the fly Drosophila melanogaster , the zebrafish Danio rerio, and the mouse Mus musculus. Due to their specific strengths, these model organisms have their strongest impacts in rather different areas of biology. C. elegans is unbeatable in the analysis of cell-to-cell contacts by saturation mutagenesis, as worms can be grown very fast in very high numbers. In Drosophila , a rich pattern is generated in the embryo as well as in adults that is used to unravel the underlying mechanisms of morphogenesis. The transparent larvae of zebrafish are uniquely suited to study organ development in a vertebrate, and the superb versatility of reverse genetics in the mouse made it the model organism to study human physiology and diseases. The combination of these models allows the in-depth genetic analysis of many fundamental biological processes using a plethora of different methods, finally providing many specific approaches to combat human diseases. The plant model Arabidopsis thaliana provides an understanding of many aspects of plant biology that might ultimately be useful for breeding crops.
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