Hydro- and thermotimes for conidial germination kinetics of the ochratoxigenic species Aspergillus carbonarius in vitro, on grape skin and grape flesh
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Flesh
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Germ tube
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ABSTRACT Difficulty in obtaining abundant sporulation in culture of many species of Cercospora may be the limiting factor for studies of biology, systematics, and inoculation of the genus. Therefore, it is necessary to understand the nutritional and environmental requirements that influence mycelial growth, sporulation and germination. As it is difficult to obtain conidia of Cercospora coffeicola in vitro, different temperatures (17, 22, 27, and 32 °C) and light intensities (80, 160, 240, and 320 μmol m-2 s-1) were evaluated to optimize pathogen sporulation and assess favorable conditions for spore germination, aiming for a strategy of disease control. The dark treatment (0 μmol m-2 s-1) was added for sporulation. A significant interaction was found between temperature and light intensity for both variables. The highest sporulation rate of C. coffeicola occurred at a light intensity of 240 μmol m-2 s-1 and air temperature of 22 °C, reaching 5.9x106 con mL-1. Germination was higher at temperature 17 °C and light intensity of 320 μmol m-2 s-1, reaching 52%. Interaction between light intensity and temperature proved to influence the processes of sporulation and germination of C. coffeicola.
Cercospora
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Light intensity
Intensity
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Flesh
Spore germination
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Abstract This paper presents results on the effect of light, temperature and substrate during spore formation on the germinability of conidia in Colletotrichum falcatum . Light seems to have no effect on the germination of conidia unless the cultures were exposed to a high intensity of light during sporulation, in which case the spores showed a reduced germination and an increased appressoria formation. Conidia produced at temperatures higher than the optimum showed better germination and less appressoria formation than the spores produced at the temperature optimum for the growth and sporulation of the fungus. A similar increase in germination was also observed in conidia obtained from inoculated sugarcane leaves as compared to those produced on culture media. The light type virulent isolates of C. falcatum showed greater sensitivity to all these treatments than the dark type weakly pathogenic isolates.
Appressorium
Colletotrichum
Spore germination
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Antifungal activity of 2-hydroxy 4,4'6'trimethoxy chalcone individually was tested against spore germination of ten fungi of different genera. Efficacy of the chemical was also tested against conidial germination and other growth parameters of Erysiphe pisi on excised pea leaves. 2-Hydroxy 4,4'6'trimethoxy chalcone inhibited spore germination at all the concentrations. Maximum inhibition was observed at 2000 ppm where more than 78 per cent inhibition of spore germination was observed in Ustilago cynodontis, Alternaria brassicicola, A. solani and Aspergillus flavus. It also reduced conidial germination of E. pisi significantly, when applied as pre-inoculation treatment.
Spore germination
Alternaria solani
Chalcone
Alternaria brassicicola
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Effects of different nutrition,temperature,moisture,light,and pH were studied on conidia germination of Paecilomyces cicadae LB.The results showed that the nutrition(2% glucose + 1% peptone)strongly promoted conidia germination,and reached the highest germination rate 95.09%.The optimum temperature for the germination of the spore was 25～27℃.The relative humidity for germination was between 90%~100%,while less than 90% spore could not germinate.The suitable pH was 6～7 for spore germination.There was no effect from light for spore germination.UV obviously had killing effects on spore,the germination rate of spore decreased evidently along with the longer exposure time,spore had retarded germination when treated by UV,with germination rate 78.10% in 24 hours treated 20 min,52.73% for 40 min,and 23.36% for 60 min.
Paecilomyces
Spore germination
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Some biological characters of Curvularia lunata in Heilongjiang province were studied.The results showed that the optimum temperature for pathogen hyphae growth and conidia germination was 25~35℃.The suitable temperature of spore production was 25~30℃.When the temperature was 30℃,colony diameter was largest,spore germination rate was highest,and sporulation was at the peak(for sporulation peak).Spores began to germinate at 25℃ and relative humidity above 96%,with the relative humidity increasing,the germination rate increased significantly.The conidia germination rate was highest in water droplets.The pathogens could adapt wider scope of pH,the optimum pH for mycelial growth and sporulation maximum was 6~8,the suitable pH range for spore germination was 5~8,the best suitable pH was 7.The effect of light was not obvious to pathogen growth,alternating light and dark was good for the formation of spores and the spore germination could be inhibited for the light.
Spore germination
Curvularia
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Abstract Myxogastria is a group of protozoa characterized by cellular uninucleate amoeboflagellates (myxamoebae and flagellated swarm cell), acellular multinucleate plasmodia, and stationary spore‐bearing sporocarps. The Stemonitales is a large order in the Myxogastria and contains approximately 230 species, but only 13 species have their completed life cycles observed so far. Here, we described the life cycles of two species in Stemonitales, Stemonitopsis typhina and Stemonitis fusca by culturing in water agar medium and observing the morphogenesis of their spore germination, plasmodium, and sporocarp development. The spore‐to‐spore life cycles of Ste. typhina and S. fusca were completed in approximately 67 and 12 d, respectively. Both species possessed an aphanoplasmodium. However, the spores of Ste. typhina and S. fusca germinated by the V‐shape split and pore methods, respectively. Unlike S. fusca with an evanescent peridium, Ste. typhina produced a shiny persistent peridium which was continuous with the membrane surrounding its stalk. The information will contribute to a better understanding of their taxonomy and phylogeny.
Spore germination
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Spore germination
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This experiment was conducted to study the influence of temperature, pH of media, and length of radiaton on conidial germination, sporulation and growth of Trichoderma harzianum on PDA (Potato Dextrose Agar). It was conducted in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with 3 replications. The results indicated that the highest conidial germination occurred at 30°C, and so the sporulation and the growth of T. harzianum . Length of radiation did not significantly affect conidial germination. However sporulation was enhanced by 12 hrs light-12 hrs dark treatment and colony diameter of T. harzianum was significantly greater at dark. Acidity influenced mainly the conidial germination and the sporulation of T. harzianum . The greatest of conidial germination occurred at pH 8, whereas the smallest occurred at pH 5. Sporulation was also enhanced by higher pH. The influence of acidity on the growth of T. harzianum occurred at pH 9 which its diameter colony was significantly smaller compared to the other treatments.
Trichoderma harzianum
Spore germination
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