Life Cycles of Myxogastria Stemonitopsis typhina and Stemonitis fusca on Agar Culture
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Abstract:
Abstract Myxogastria is a group of protozoa characterized by cellular uninucleate amoeboflagellates (myxamoebae and flagellated swarm cell), acellular multinucleate plasmodia, and stationary spore‐bearing sporocarps. The Stemonitales is a large order in the Myxogastria and contains approximately 230 species, but only 13 species have their completed life cycles observed so far. Here, we described the life cycles of two species in Stemonitales, Stemonitopsis typhina and Stemonitis fusca by culturing in water agar medium and observing the morphogenesis of their spore germination, plasmodium, and sporocarp development. The spore‐to‐spore life cycles of Ste. typhina and S. fusca were completed in approximately 67 and 12 d, respectively. Both species possessed an aphanoplasmodium. However, the spores of Ste. typhina and S. fusca germinated by the V‐shape split and pore methods, respectively. Unlike S. fusca with an evanescent peridium, Ste. typhina produced a shiny persistent peridium which was continuous with the membrane surrounding its stalk. The information will contribute to a better understanding of their taxonomy and phylogeny.Keywords:
Spore germination
The influence of light and temperature on the spore germination of Neocheiropteris palmatopedata were studied by tissue culture and light microscopy. The preliminary results showed the spore germination of N. palmatopedata depended on light and had photodormancy. Light was the major influence factor of spore germination. At temperature of 25 ℃, the spore germination percentage reached (85.1±5.1)%. At the same temperature there was no spore germination in the dark after 50 days of culture, and then the spores were transferred into light, the spore germination percentage reached (82.4±6.6)%. The optimal temperatures for germination was 21.6–26.5 ℃ in light. The spores began to germinate after 7 days and germinated completely after 6–7 weeks. The changes in temperature could reduce the spore germination percentage.
Spore germination
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Pteris vittata L.,a fern,was tissue cultured for spore germination under different durations of light and darkness at different temperatures and observed under light microscope.The spore of P.vittata L.is light required and has photodormancy.Light is the major environmental factor that influences spore germination.When the fern was cultured at 25 ℃ under the light of 14 hrs/day the spores germinated at a rate of(85.4±3.1)% while no spore germination occurred at the same temperature at the day 49 in dark culture,but when the latter was transferred to culture under the light condition,the spore germination rate increased to(81.4±5.6)%.The optimal temperature for spore germination ranged from 19.41 ℃ to 30.41 ℃ under the light.The spores began to germinate within 3-5 days and their germination were completed after 6-7 weeks.The temperature beyond the optimal range reduces the spore germination percentage.
Spore germination
Pteris vittata
Darkness
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Stripe rust (Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst)) and powdery mildew (Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici (Bgt)) are important diseases of wheat in Canada and worldwide. Molecular detection methods permit spore detection of few spores; therefore, there is a need to determine initial inoculum thresholds for pathogens to cause disease under both controlled environments and in the field. Susceptible wheat cultivars ‘Avocet’ and ‘AC Barrie’ were inoculated with different quantities of spores (0, 103, 104, 105, 106, and 107) of Pst and Bgt. Disease incidence, severity and infection type were evaluated. Results of controlled environment studies showed that the minimum number of spores necessary to cause appreciable incidence and severity for Pst was at higher spore concentrations of 105–106 spores. Conversely, low incidence and severity levels were observed at 103–104 spores for Bgt. Despite occurrence of natural Pst infection, results of field studies in 2016 and 2017 in Southern Alberta demonstrated that significant increases in severity levels were observed following application of 1.2 × 107 spores. Collectively, these results demonstrated that stripe rust severities increased with increasing spore concentration only at high spore levels. In contrast, Bgt severity increased with spore concentration from 103 to 107 spores mL−1. In vitro and in vivo spore germination tests demonstrated germination rates of Pst spores were reduced at lower spore concentrations compared to germination rates at the higher concentrations. Understanding of minimum spore numbers required for disease development will be a prerequisite for predicting epidemics and devising fungicide control measures for future sustainable agricultural systems.
Spore germination
Blumeria graminis
Puccinia
Rust (programming language)
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Species of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi have preferences to soil acidity and many species are inhibited but others favored low pH. However, in most cases, pH preferences have not been addressed clearly in the life cycle of the fungus. It was believed that particular stages in the life cycle may differ in response to low pH conditions, particularly to factors related to Al toxicity. The first experiment assessed germination of spores by sandwiching between two millipore filters, burying midway in growth medium of a sand/soil mixture, previously treated to have soluble Al of 0.4, 1.1, 4.1, 7.3, or 11.9 mg kg -1 , and incubating for three weeks. The second experiment determined the ability of spore hyphae to initiate colonization by trapping with roots of cowpea using a compartmentalized pot system by which spores and trap plants were placed and grown in separated compartments. The compartment for infesting spores and growing hyphae was filled with media containing 1.1, 7.3, or 11.9 mg Al kg -1 , whereas the two plant compartments for trapping were filled with media containing 5 or 26 mg kg -1 available-P, respectively. The percentage of root length of trap plants colonized by growing hyphae from germinated spores was assessed 3 and 6 weeks after the plant compartments were inserted into the pot. Results showed that increasing concentrations of soluble Al in soil affected spore germination of G. margarita with a significant decrease observed at 4.1 mg kg -1 . Increasing Al up to 11.9 mg kg -1 reduced the number of germinating spores over 40%. Mycorrhizal colonization in roots of trap plants was time-dependent regardless of soil P and Al concentrations, indicating growing hyphae from the germinated spores were able to overcome adverse effects of excessive Al in soil with possible stimulus from roots of trap plants despite their growth and P nutritional status. In general spores of G. margarita remains active to initiate and establish root colonization in acidic soil conditions though inhibited by Al solubility. Key words: Aluminium, Gigaspora margarita, spore germination
Spore germination
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Zinc release is the first quantitatively significant event detected during the triggering of Bacillus megaterium KM spore germination. Of the total spore Zn2+ pool 25% is released from non-heat-activated spores within 4 min of triggering germination. During this period only 10% of the spore population becomes irreversibly committed to germinate. The investigation of a putative role for Zn2+ in the germination trigger mechanism has established a relationship between the rate and extent of Zn2+ release and the stimulation of spore germination by heat activation. Furthermore, a correlation can be demonstrated between the extent of zinc release from spore populations and the time required to obtain 50% commitment of these populations to germinate over a wide temperature range. These findings have been used to expand a recently published model for the triggering of bacterial spore germination.
Bacillus megaterium
Spore germination
Bacterial spore
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Effects of different nutrition,temperature,moisture,light,and pH were studied on conidia germination of Paecilomyces cicadae LB.The results showed that the nutrition(2% glucose + 1% peptone)strongly promoted conidia germination,and reached the highest germination rate 95.09%.The optimum temperature for the germination of the spore was 25～27℃.The relative humidity for germination was between 90%~100%,while less than 90% spore could not germinate.The suitable pH was 6～7 for spore germination.There was no effect from light for spore germination.UV obviously had killing effects on spore,the germination rate of spore decreased evidently along with the longer exposure time,spore had retarded germination when treated by UV,with germination rate 78.10% in 24 hours treated 20 min,52.73% for 40 min,and 23.36% for 60 min.
Paecilomyces
Spore germination
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To study the composition of spore wall proteins(SWPs)in Nosema bombycis and the relevance with spore germination,we firstly developed a method called GDGC,which is spores germination in vitro activated by 0.1 mol/L K_2CO_3,combined with Density Gradient Centrifugation to purify the germinated spore coats.Using this method,we obtained the spore coats,and then comparatively analyzed the composition of SWPs among the supernatant after spore germination,the purified spore coats and normal spores.Results showed that the highly pure spore coats were acquired with GDGC method,and their density is 1.113 g/cm3.The major spore wall proteins including SWP32,SWP30 and SWP25 can be extracted from the purified spore coats.However,the concentration of SWP32 and SWP25 was decreased.In addition,the SWP32 was also detected by the electrophoresis analysis of spore wall proteins from the germinated supernatant.Moreover,LC-MS/MS data also displayed that three major spore wall proteins were existed in the germinated supernatant.To confirm the SWP32 and SWP25 are relevant to spore germination,the frozen spores were treated with 0.1 mol/l K_2CO_3,and no spores were germinated.Besides,the results of the electrophoresis analysis showed that only the SWP30 protein appeared in 0.1 mol/l K_2CO_3 solution.These data suggested that the solution of SWP32 and SWP25 from the spore coat could be not related to alkali liquor but concerned with the spore germination.
Spore germination
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A case can be made for stochastic germination and interactions among germinating spores as beneficial germination strategies in uncertain environments. However, there is little data on how widespread, species-specific or diverse such phenomena are. Focusing on Streptomycetes, a platform was developed for quantification of germination and early growth within communities of spores. We found that the germination process is stochastic at three levels: spores vary in their germination times, mycelium networks grow at different rates, and a fraction of germlings stall their growth shortly after germination. Furthermore, by monitoring how these stochastic properties are affected by spore density and chemicals released from spores, germination interactions were quantified for four species. Stochastically germinating spores were frequently promoted or inhibited by compounds released by spores from the same or different species, and all species had distinct interaction profiles. The spatial distribution patterns were important with clusters of spores behaving differently than individual spores. Aged spores exhibited higher dormancy but could efficiently geminate in the presence of chemicals released during germination. All interactions were specific to germination and only weakly affected growth rates. This work suggests that stochastic germination is commonly affected by the community context and species have adapted diverse germination strategies.
Spore germination
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In this paper,the spores of Dryopteris crassirhizoma after three years of low-temperature storage were used as the experimental material,the influences of centrifugal,disinfection,culture media and light quality on spore germination were respectively studied.The results showed that centrifugal(≤14000r·min-1,≤30min) almost had no influence on spore germination;Sterilizing spore surface for 10-20min with 1% NaClO was the best sterile method;Modified Knop's medium was the best for spore germination;Spore could not germinate in dark,but the dark treatment could improve the regularity of spore germination;Red light could promote spore germinating about 1 day earlier than white light,but had no obvious influence on promoting spore germination rate.
Spore germination
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